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Three Shades of Green: Anthropocentric, Biocentric, and Ecocentric Conceptualisation of Green Violence
Kranebitter, Jasmin ; Chandler, David (vedoucí práce) ; Connolly, Catherine (oponent) ; Dingli, Sophia (oponent)
This dissertation aims to contribute to a better understanding of two things: First, how does the security paradigm work through the three environmental ethics worldviews of anthropocentrism, biocentrism, and ecocentrism in human-nature relationships in general and conservation issues in particular? Second, to what extend is green violence enabled by those three paradigms from the lens of security? While there have been academic publications about conservation practices, environmental ethics, and green violence, these issues have not yet been combined and conceptualised from a security lens. Therefore, the objective of this dissertation has been to examine how the security paradigm works in terms of green violence, distinguished by the three different ethical perspectives. In order to achieve this goal, this dissertation has first developed three conceptual lenses based on the three environmental ethics approaches. Based on that, green violence was analysed from a security perspective. The dissertation has come to the conclusion that green violence can be enabled by all three environmental ethics paradigms, however, to a different extend and with different effects. The anthropocentric paradigm is currently enabling green violence the most because it is the predominant paradigm which is embraced by...
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The Role of Data during the European Migration Crisis: Frontex and Data Management
Kennedy, Kelli ; Karyotis, Georgios (vedoucí práce) ; Connolly, Catherine (oponent) ; Kučera, Tomáš (oponent)
This research is designed to address the usage of situational and personal data by the EU Border Agency, Frontex as a result of securitization processes during the European Migration Crisis. In doing so, this study applies the theoretical framework established by Bourbeau (2014) to combine the parallels of the Copenhagen and Paris Schools. This enables a deeper observation of the crisis and broadens the scope for the study of securitization. This study uses discourse-analysis and process-tracing methods to determine if securitization of migration occurred during the crisis, what role data played in doing so, and to what extent practices in data management became institutionalized. This study uses Frontex as the primary point of reference for its practices in data management, and political discourse of the European Commission. By analyzing Frontex' activities in combination with discourse from the Commission, this study finds that discourse and practices work to reinforce one another, and therefore not only has migration been securitized, but it has allowed for the expanded use of data management practices. This has in turn worked in a cyclical motion to reinforce the position of Frontex within the migration-security nexus and ensured practices involving data analytics become institutionalized.
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Contemporary conceptualisations of anti-drug efforts in Central Asia
Supueva, Zarina ; Berg, Julie (vedoucí práce) ; Connolly, Catherine (oponent) ; Aslan, Emil (oponent)
Since the end of the Cold War, the security agenda has shifted from a strictly state-centric focus to one focusing on protecting individuals and the international community. The nature of the new security threats has challenged national security, thus encouraging joint regional and international cooperation. One of the significant risks posed to security is the rapid proliferation of organised crime, which entails a variety of different activities that pose a danger humankind. With illicit trafficking being a substantial financial resource for organised crime groups, along with the significant societal and health risks of illegal drugs, this paper focuses on one of the main trafficking routes from Afghanistan, the world's leading opium producer, to Central Asia. While the number of known trafficking routes is always changing, there are several general routes that are used to smuggle Afghan drugs, the Balkan, Northern, and Southern routes. Since becoming independent in the 1990s, the Central Asian countries are still in the development stages of both establishing their legal systems and exercising effective policies, while at the same time being challenged by chronic economic underdevelopment, high levels of corruption, and transnational threats. Thus, this research will study anti-drug efforts in...
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The Determinants of Chinese Civilian Nuclear Cooperation: A Comparative Analysis of China's Nuclear Export Strategy in Eastern Africa
Horne, Henrik ; Ludvík, Jan (vedoucí práce) ; Munro, Neil (oponent) ; Connolly, Catherine (oponent)
The global nuclear governance system is designed to prevent accidents and malicious actions involving nuclear materials, and to disallow the spread of nuclear weapons. In recent years, China has invested heavily in its nuclear industry and is set to overtake the United States as global nuclear leader, providing it substantial influence in nuclear governance and responses. This will have consequences for international security as it is unknown if China will prioritize security concerns over economic and political consideration, which could reduce the effectiveness of the nuclear governance system. A significant share of China's exports is targeted for countries in Africa and Asia, many located in volatile regions and without stable government structures. It is necessary for the West to respond to this challenge through cooperative measures and effective policies, but in order to do so it is imperative to first understand the drivers behind China's nuclear export strategy. This paper made the first in-depth examination of China's civilian nuclear cooperation and examined a series of defined hypotheses to understand its behaviour. It looked at Chinese nuclear exports to state in Eastern Africa and used comparative analyses to identify differences between those who receive nuclear aid and those who do...
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Why Smaller States Recalibrate Military Alliances? A Comparative Study of RP-US and ROK-US Alliances
Fakirah, Ibrahim ; Ludvík, Jan (vedoucí práce) ; Carbone, Maurizio (oponent) ; Connolly, Catherine (oponent)
This article comparatively examines the South Korean-US and Filipino-US alliances amid the rise of China. It pays attention to analysing how and why Washington's smaller allies distinctly recalibrate the breadth and depth of defence relations without abrogation since the 'Asia Pivot' policy. Adopting the qualitative method and process tracing technique, the author utilizes neoclassical realism in a comparative case-study to unpack the nuances of domestic pushes and systemic pulls driving weaker allies' recalibration behaviour. Contrary to classical realist approaches that assume smaller actors have limited choices and/or bigger powers dictate alliance relations, this study shows that such assumptions are oversimplified and often misleading. The perceived calculations of the subsequent ruling elite in Seoul and Manila have distinctly contributed to weakening and/or upgrading the alliances. Recently cautious between Washington and Beijing, albeit exhibited to different degrees, Korean and Filipino leaderships factor three reoccurring themes in their alliance relations with the US: 1) the degree of perceived threat(s); 2) the (un)predictability/(un)reliability of US security commitment to honour alliance obligations, from cost-sharing to physical defence; and 3) China's hybrid strategy, including...
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