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Taxation of wine from the viewpoint of legal regulations of the European Union
Nekovářová, Tereza ; Karfíková, Marie (advisor) ; Marková, Hana (referee) ; Švarc, Zbyněk (referee)
The issues of assurance of sources for national budgets are eternal topics which are apparently current in any phase of the economic cycle, and it holds still more for the period of recession. In response to the outbreak of a financial crisis it is always possible to see the needs of finding new sources of financing of government expenses. Even though taxation of wine is rather a marginal topic in this regard, it is necessary to ask why this is so and whether it is not just this area that hides a large potential. Taxation of wine, however, plays an important role not only as a source of incomes for the state budget, but also as a tool of regulation of consumption of this commodity, which is negatively perceived from the viewpoint of human health. The imposition of taxation of wine does not influence consumers' behaviour only, but it has also impacts on plant production in this sector. At the same time, the entire issue acquires an absolutely different dimension through the fact that the area of taxation of wine belongs among the fields which are subject to harmonisation on the part of the European Union. At the time of globalisation and continually intensifying European integration it is important to be able to gain maximum yields from these aspects of the economy. In connection with harmonisation...
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Referential vocalization of primates
Rejlová, Markéta ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Petrásek, Tomáš (referee)
Some types of vocalization encode only the individual properties of vocalization individuals such as species, size, and its motivational state, but also inform about events and objects around. This vocalization is called "functional reference." Referential communication acoustically different from other kinds of vocalization, and is produced only in response to specific stimulus. Recipient responds to vocalizations indirect information in the same manner as if the present initiative. Aim of this work to summarize the current knowledge on the referential communication of primates, especially food and anti-predator type, including neurological mechanisms, gestures intermediate, referential signal and interspecies comparisons. Keywords: referential communication, vocalization, primates, anti-predator behavior, feeding behavior
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Sociální vztahy a synchronizace ve stádech přežvýkavců - vliv na pastevní chování
Šárová, Radka ; Špinka, Marek (advisor) ; Červený, Jaroslav (referee) ; Nekovářová, Tereza (referee)
This thesis addresses the relationships between beef cattle (Bos taurus) group behaviour on pasture, social dominance and individual characteristics such as body weight and age. The thesis is based on three studies performed in a herd of female beef cattle. In the first two studies, GPS collars were used as the main data-collection method, while the third study relied on an extensive dataset of cow dominance relationships. The first study focused on activity synchronization. We assessed whether cows similar to each other in body weight or in reproductive status were more synchronized and whether the timing of activity switches was determined by specific leading animals. We found that the body weight difference in a dyad of animals had a negative influence on their mutual synchronization. There were no leading animal initiating switches in activity. The second study focused on the role of dominant animals in group movements of the herd. There were positive correlations between dominance status of an individual and several measures of leadership during movements, namely the position of the animal at the front of the herd, more direct and shorter trajectories and higher alignment with nearest neighbours and with the whole herd. These results show that herd movements on pasture behaviour were...
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The use of amodal completion inpredators recognition: effect on risk taking
Sedláčková, Kristýna ; Fuchs, Roman (advisor) ; Nekovářová, Tereza (referee)
Amodal completion enables animals (birds, mammals, but also fish) to perceive partly occluded objects as whole. Most of the studies focusing on the occlusion phenomenon were carried out in a laboratory and were based on either operant conditioning or filial imprinting techniques. This study concentrates on behavior of untrained animals in their natural habitat. Pairwise preferential experiments were used to reveal responses of tits (the great tit, Parus major; the blue tit, Cyanistes caeruleus; the marsh tit, Poecile palustris) to two dummies placed near an experimental and an alternative feeder. The dummies used were the complete dummy of a sparrowhawk and a pigeon, and partly occluded (the lower or upper torso hidden in shrubs) and amputated (only lower or upper torso on the perch) models of sparrowhawks - 15 combinations altogether. The tits considered all variants of torsos to be predators. The great tit and the blue tit perceived the model with occluded lower torso as more dangerous than the one with amputated lower torso. Such discrimination between these torsos requires the ability of amodal completion. The great tit also confirms this ability as it regarded the complete sparrowhawk and the model with occluded lower torso as equally dangerous. In the remaining cases, the number of arrivals...
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Face recognition and emotional expression processing in primates
Englerová, Kateřina ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Fajnerová, Iveta (referee)
Visual modality is one of the most important senses for primates and also for many other an-imals. It allows them to perceive stimuli from their environment - important objects and places, and also conspecifics or individuals of other species. One of the crucial cognitive skills, especially for social animals, is the ability to distinguish between individuals and their emotions due to different facial features and expressions.Aim of this work is to summarize the current knowledge about face and emotion recognition. It includes neurological mechanisms, experimental methodologies and comparison between species.
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Play behaviour of Hanuman langur (Semnopithecus entellus)
Petrů, Milada ; Špinka, Marek (advisor) ; Sedláček, František (referee) ; Nekovářová, Tereza (referee)
2 Summary Play is very interesting part of behaviour. Despite of broad interest it still remains insufficiently well-researched. Researchers try to describe play behaviour and explain the ontogenesis and answer one of the most important questions about function of play behaviour. These are the main topics that I deal with in my Ph.D. thesis, specifically with detail analysis of play behaviour based on data obtained from own video-recording of play behaviour of free- ranging Hanuman langurs (Semnopithecus entellus) in Bhangarh locality in northwest India. Goal of the Ph.D. thesis is to analyze several aspects of play behaviour. First goal was characteristic of play behaviour and its categories and compiling of play ethogram. Self- handicapping is in the centre of interest of my study of play behaviour. This behaviour is typical and unique for play and has not been satisfactorily explained. In first paper included in my Ph.D. thesis I analysed patterns of ethogram of play behaviour of Hanuman langurs and other monkey species. Results showed that self-handicapping patterns and pattern dissimilar to "serious" behaviour can constitute a major part of play repertoire. Play behaviour is very variable and different parts may have different function. In second publication we analyzed in detail performance and...
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Spatial choices of animals based on abstract visual stimuli: Configuration or shape?
Nekovářová, Tereza ; Bureš, Jan (advisor) ; Syka, Josef (referee) ; Kršiak, Miloslav (referee) ; Frynta, Daniel (referee)
Spatial cognition as a model for study of learning, memory and problem solving has a long history in neurosciences. This cognitive ability is used for several reasons. Firstly, the ability to form the inner representation of a space, to orient in an environment, to perceive positions of prominent objects and of other animals is essential for all mammals and birds. Thus it is natural for animals to perform such behavior even in experimental conditions. Secondly, it is possible to compare spatial cognition of different species in similar tasks. And thirdly, there are strong indices of the possible neuroanatomical substrate and mechanism underlying spatial cognition. There are different strategies of navigation in an environment, which could be distinguished by different criterions. They differ in the frames of reference in which the observer operates, i.e. whether the co-ordinates are centered in a subject (egocentric orientation) or whether the co-ordinates encode only the relations between objects and dominants in the environment and they are not dependent on observer (geocentric orientation). The navigational strategies also differ by the type of cues that are used for navigation. In allothetic orientation the subject employs external landmarks, which may be not only visual stimuli, but also the stimuli of...
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