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Heterodox Masters of Liberal Arts and Their Discussions with Thomas Aquinas
Severa, Miroslav ; Sousedík, Stanislav (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee) ; Heider, Daniel (referee)
The proposed thesis deals with two important issues discussed by Tomas Aquinas in connection with the averroistic controversy that occurred in the second half of the thirteenth century in Paris. The topics are On the eternity of the world and On the unity of intellect. Its author defends the position that concerning the problem On the eternity of the Word is the solution proposed by Thomas Aquinas closer to the position of heterodox masters of liberal arts then to the attitude of some orthodox theologians. The heterodox teaching On the unity of intellect is by Thomas sufficiently disproven. The doctrine of Thomas Aquinas doesn't need to always constitute an irreconcilable antithesis against the attitude of heterodox masters as it is described by some authors. The thesis also deals the two topics on the historical background of the condemnations issued by the Parisian bishop Stephan Tempier in the years 1270 and 1277. Although the heterodox masters of liberal arts are in their philosophizing strongly influenced by the Arab philosopher Averroes theirs position concerning the relationship between fides and ratio is different. Averroes says that when the conflict between reason and revelation occurs than revelation should retreat and one should look for allegorical interpretation of the Holy Scriptures....
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Kierkegaard's philosophy of existence
Šimeček, Andrej ; Kouba, Pavel (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
This work takes as its central issue the existential movement as it appears in the philosophy of Soren Kierkegaard. There appears to be relatively little secondary literature on this topic, so it is a very fruitful area to explore. The texts explored include Kierkegaard's 'psychological' books, in particular Concept of Anxiety and Sickness unto Death. These provide our work with the crucial concepts of innocence, guilt, despair, anxiety, existence and spirit. From the more traditional philosophical works, Philosophical Fragments, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments and Johannes Climacus have been utilised. These texts inform the work mostly on the meaning of movement, doubt, contradiction and absolute paradox. From the more lyrical works, this work is informed by Fear and Trembling and Repetition. Inquiry into these texts combined will provide a picture of existential movement as it is presented by Kierkegaard. This work attempts to capture the 'becoming subjective' which is so central to Kierkegaard's thought, through the reconstruction of the existential stages. It is also the purpose of this work (in the process) to treat areas of Kierkegaard's thought that are usually left untreated. The latter are for example, the problematic of the leap of sin, the unclear status of the...
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Suárez's Proof of the Existence of God
Pavlorek, David ; Novák, Lukáš (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
of the Paper The goal of submitted paper is to show Suárez's proof of the existence of God as the main task of his metaphysics and to show the influence of St. Thomas Aquinas and John Duns Scotus on his own system of metaphysics. As will be shown, the importance of this preeminent thinker of so called second scholasticism is in his synthesis of relatively incompatible doctrines of thomism and scotism. This paper will therefore deal with main problems of precedening tradition of Aristotelian metaphysics, especially with analogy of being as applied to God and creatures, then with theory of causality and other connected questions. Keywords Suárez - Thomas Aquinas - Duns Scotus - metaphysics - proof of existence of God
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The Conception of Subject in the Philosophy of Ladislav Hejdánek
Dostál, Václav ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
Philosopher Ladislav Hejdánek (*1927) comes up with an idea that every subject is an event taking place in time. Moreover, not only an animal or a plant is taken to be a subject, but a cellule, a molecule, an atom or a subatomic particle as well. A subject is not formed "from outside", too - it is established in order to achieve a continuity within a series of actions and it is constituted "from below" by the very actions for which the formation of a subject is attractive and desirable. The thesis wants to show why and how Ladislav Hejdánek comes to this conception of subject and what consequences flow from it. In addition to published texts, the thesis builds upon Hejdánek's "diaries of ideas", still unpublished, nearly everyday records from a number of decades that Archive of Ladislav Hejdánek has been looking after and successively digitizing.
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Liberty in Oratio catechetica magna St. Gregory's of Nyssa
Bendová, Markéta ; Karfíková, Lenka (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
This thesis deals with the topic of human liberty as it was developed in The Great Catechism by St. Gregory of Nyssa. It is concerned with the importance and role of liberty in the particular periods of the history of salvation (creation, fall and redemption) and with the relation between liberty and other important themes of Gregory's work: man as the image of God and as a creature composed of soul and body; the human's fall and the turn from the real good (which is God) towards evil; new life acquired from Christ's resurrection and the adoption of this new life through baptism and the Eucharist. The man was created for life in freedom; life oriented towards the real good: the God. The man cannot be really free without this orientation towards God, but on the other hand this orientation cannot exist without freedom either. God gave man the life and after the fall he returns it to him, but the acceptance and the shape of this life is at all times dependent on the man's decision. The man, as a created being, is someone who changes all the time. And it is just because he can again and again decide about these never-ending changes of himself, that he can have in his power not only his deeds, but also himself: he is his own master, as God is.
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A Comparison of Plotinus's and St. Augustine's Conception of Evil
Košová, Michaela ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Novák, Lukáš (referee)
This bachelor thesis is concerned with Plotinus's and Augustine's conception of evil and its main aim is to compare both views and reveal which Plotinus's thoughts inspired Augustine and at which points he had to divert from Plotinus. The key question is in what way both philosophers attempt to answer the question about ontological status and origin of evil. While examining the differences between both conceptions it will be importatnt to explain them with regard to different metaphysical concepts which constitute Plotinus's and Augustine's thinking. First part of the thesis investigates in what sense in Plotinus's theory matter - the last point of emanation of reality from the One - is the principle of evil. Later we encounter tolma, certain illegitimate audacity to become independent from the higher levels which is present in the soul and also at the very emergence of reality as such from the One. However, since soul has a divine origin, it cannot really sin. Plotinus ascribes the ultimate responsibility for evil to matter, utter privation and form of non-being, which can act as a sort of trap for the soul. In the second part we will see that thanks to neoplatonic thinking Augustine too perceives evil as privation but he ascribes its origin to a free decision of created, and thus mutable rational...
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The problem of guilt in Martin Buber
Valečková, Jitka ; Němec, Václav (advisor) ; Čapek, Jakub (referee)
The goal of this paper is to clarify Martin Buber's concept of guilt. To make the notion of guilt clear we will use mainly Buber's papers 'I and Thou','The Problem of Man','Images of Good and Evil' and the short essay 'Guilt and Guilt Feelings'. During our analysis we will also focus on other important notions of Buber's philosophical system and their possible development. Among other things, it will be the notion of the world, relationship and essential determination.The whole paper is intended to clarify Buber's dispute with psychoterapists, mainly with S. Freud, over the nature of guilt in the essay 'Guilt and Guilt Feelings'.
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Maimonides: eternal vs. created universe
Kopecká, Pavlína ; Lyčka, Milan (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
In this thesis are analyzed Maimonides's two approaches to the question about the origin of the world, appearing in his famous philosophical \vork The guide of the perplexed. Maimonides provides arguments for the theory of eternal universe and for creatio ex nihilo, without adopting a clear position in this subject. The aim of this thesis is to answer the question, which theory of the origin of the world Maimonides asserts, and why he retains both the idea of creation and eternity. It turns out that both positions, although not evident and unprovable, can lead to accurate conclusions in faith and philosophy. A possible answer to the question, which theory of the origin of the world Maimonides actually stands, it may be the argument that Maimonides holds both positions, because there is no contradiction for him.
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Natural law
Bulušek, Martin ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Němec, Václav (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the problems which result from the division of law into positive law and natural law. These problems can be summarized by a question whether there is a standard by which one could evaluate the rightness of the positive law or whether there is only boundless legal licence. The thesis sees a possible solution to this dilemma in the work of Friedrich Nietzsche and his ontological reinterpretation of the concepts of subject, morality, power and justice. The result is an insight that by rejecting metaphysically conceived natural law, we do not throw off the possibility of evaluating the law as such. Justice, conceived not as a static factum, but as a constantly found and lost quality of a legal system, should become the instrument of this new criticism. Legal system itself is conceived as an outcome of the struggle of diverse perspectives, which leads to continuous revaluation (interpretation) of its elements and so it constantly leads to new forms of justice from which none can be just "per se", because that would lead to the elimination of the tension which founds the legal system as such.
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