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Trends in structure of bird communities in the Czech Republic: from diversity to homogenization?
Prylová, Kristýna ; Reif, Jiří (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
Biotic homogenization is a process changing functional structure of ecological communities. Bird communities are changing from homogeneous to diversified primarily because specialist species are replaced by non-specialized species (generalists), and in terms of their ecological functions are becoming more similar to each other. Causes can be both in the current climate change and in human-induced land use changes. Using the community specialization index (CSI), I showed that bird communities in the Czech Republic show a trend towards the higher homogenization over the past 20 years. Effect of climate change has been documented by calculation of the community temperature index (CTI), which reflects the relative proportion of species living in lower and higher teperatures. In contrast to CSI, CTI increased over the same time period. Moreover, I focused on the relationship of homogenization with species richness and compared to the results from other countries, it does not change significantly. The observed phenomena were probably caused by a gradual climatic warming in the Czech Republic, accompanied with more frequent occurrence of other climate change symptoms such as severe storms. A second cause underlying the homogenization could be increasing intensity of agricultural production.
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Diversita, rozšíření a ochrana léčivých rostlin v Nepálu
Rokaya, Maan Bahadur ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Doležal, Jiří (referee) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
In this thesis I synthesized different aspects related to diversity, distribution, uses and conservation of medicinal plants in Nepal and also have attempted to recommend guidelines for sustainability of two highly used alpine plant species. The over-harvesting or human induced activities are not the only problem for biodiversity but recently invasion of alien species has also emerged as serious problem in Nepal. I thus also attempted to analyze the effect of invasive species on community composition in the last paper. The first two papers deal with diversity, distribution, uses and harvesting. Paper I showed that medicinal plants in Nepal have unimodal relationship with elevation and the maximum total species richness is at 1000 m. Paper II which deals with the uses of medicinal plants in the Humla region, west Nepal showed that there are 161 medicinal plant species belonging to 61 families and 106 genera used for treating 72 human and 7 veterinary ailments. Medicinal plants in Humla were mostly collected in wild. This induces a serious threat to diversity of the medicinal plants and it is therefore necessary to develop proper management guidelines for their harvesting in wild and/or their domestication. Rheum australe, an endemic plant to west Himalayan region, is widely used plant in traditional...
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The effect of agri-environmental schemes on biodiversity
Vodička, Jan ; Reif, Jiří (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
The aim of thesis is summary of current results of scientific publications evaluating effectiveness of agri-environmental measures in the relation to biodiversity. This work deals with this issue in Europe, characterizes the situation in selected European countries and evaluate the effectiveness of compensation schemes and individual measures on selected groups of organisms. It also deals with the factors influencing the effectiveness and methodical approaches of evaluation studies. Results of studies suggest a low to medium efficiency of allover measures for plants and invertebrates and low efficiency for birds. Conversely targeted measures had a high efficiency, but their overall significance was very low due to small proportion of land compared to the horizontal measures.The worst situation was in the Netherlands, in other countries the results were relatively similar.
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The spread of invasive neophytes in the riverbank vegetation of Tichá Orlice river
Hajzlerová, Lenka ; Matějček, Tomáš (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
This bachelor thesis summarizes the basic knowledge about invasive species of plants. It foccuses of characteristic and hypothetic invasive species with special focus on the neophytes growing in a riverbank vegetation. It foccuses in an appearance of invasive neophytes in riverbank vegetation in a basin of river Tichá Orlice and describes physically-geographical and socially-economical conditions. With using method MUTON (The method for complex mapping of streams and alluvium) it was mapped a chosen part of bank Tichá Orlice river. There were located chosen neophytes. We supposed that these chosen neophytes will be occur in riverbank vegetation. The most abundant plant species were - Impatiens glandulifera, Reynoutria sp., Helianthus tuberosur and Solidago sp. In comparison with other similar rivers (similar flow rate, river-basin and length), the Tichá Orlice river belongs to the above-average affected watercourse.
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Impacts of invasive plant species on European environment
Breburdová, Vendula ; Pyšek, Petr (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
The DAISIE project in the 6. framework program of the European Union provides valuable data about European invasive species. Invasive plants have various impacts, positive and negative, and effects all four types of ecosystem services (supporting, provisioning, regulating and cultural). Invasive species are also known to cause serious economic looses. The proposed work aims at summarizing the up-to-date knowledge about the impact of invasive flora on European environment and human well-being. key words: invasive plants, impact, DAISIE, Europe, ecosystem services
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Decline of czech populations of the most threatened wetland birds: comparing evidence for drivers in the Czech and foreign literature
Ráslová, Pavlína ; Reif, Jiří (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
The theme of this Bachelor's Thesis is to find relevant sources about specific factors, which cause changes in the density of the 4 most threatened species of wetland birds living in the Czech Republic. Those are the species, whose density fell most within the last decades. Specifically, this work looks at lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), snipe (Gallinago gallinago), godwit (Limosa limosa) and curlew (Numenius arquata). The target of this thesis is to differenciate relevant sources against irrelevant ones, which are often present as vague information spread outside of relevant literature and lacking a scientific fundament. Accurate indentification of the reasons of decreasing densities of these species is a neccesary prerequisite for any effort for their preservation. That is why it was essential to draw specific factors, which are the source of decline of these species, mainly from studies based on research in other european countries. Keywords: Wetland, intensification of agriculture, breeding habitat, management, population decline, Vanellus vanellus, Gallinago gallinago, Limosa limosa, Numenius arquata
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The impact of herbivores on plant population dynamics: The importance for biological control of invasive plants
Šulcová, Hana ; Dostál, Petr (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
Herbivory is one of the most important relations between plants and animals. The herbivores affect plant populations not only by grazing, but also by trampling and disturbing the vegetation. Herbivores have also great potential to affect the population dynamics of particular plant species. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the effect of herbivores on plant population dynamics and to interpret it in relation to biological control of invasive plants. When evaluating the effect of herbivores, it is necessary to keep in mind the fact that herbivores don't affect only plants but also each other through direct as well as indirect competition. The use of different herbivore species to supress the invasive plants may not necessarily be effective. The range of the effect of herbivores on plant population dynamics depends also on the environmental conditions. Habitats with infrequent disturbances and high competition levels among plants increase the effect of biological control, because high competition facilitates competitive exlusion of the target plant species. Different life-histories of plants play are also important in terms of biological control mainly the life-span and the endurance of the seed bank affect the results. Monocarpic species with short-lived seed bank can be relatively easily reduced by...
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Macroecology of European invertebrates:temporal and spatial patterns extracted from heterogeneous data
Keil, Petr ; Storch, David (advisor) ; Lepš, Jan (referee) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
Univerzita Karlova v Praze Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra ekologie Makroekologie evropských bezobratlých: časové a prostorové patrnosti dobývané z heterogenních dat Autoreferát dizertační práce Petr Keil Školitel: Doc. David Storch, Ph.D. Praha 2010 Charles University in Prague Faculty of Science Department of Ecology Macroecology of European invertebrates: temporal and spatial patterns extracted from heterogeneous data Ph.D. thesis - summary Petr Keil Supervisor: Doc. David Storch, Ph.D. Prague 2010 SOUHRN Dizertační práce obsahuje pět kapitol. První čtyři kapitoly jsou věnovány několika aspektům makroekologie evropského hmyzu, jako jsou geografické a časové patrnosti druhového bohatsví. Pátá kapitola zkoumá některé makroekologické charakteristiky populační dynamiky v rámci neutrální teorie biodiverzity. Dizertace je opatřena úvodem, který se věnuje zejména metodickým problémům společným pro většinu kapitol. V Kapitolách I a II jsem se zabýval rozmístěním druhového bohatství pestřenek (Insecta: Diptera: Syrphidae) a vážek (Insecta: Odonata) napříč Evropou. Obě práce ukazují absenci jednoduchého poklesu druhového bohatství od jihu k severu. Druhově nejbohatší jsou horské oblasti kolem Středozemního moře, od kterých směrem na jih a na sever diverzita klesá. V obou případech se jako důležité proměnné...
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Vegetation changes in transition bogs at fishpond epilitorals
Spilka, Josef ; Karlík, Petr (advisor) ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee)
This study concerns in a three peatland sites: the epilitorals of Pilská reservoir and Hořejší Padrťský fishpond in Příbram region and Kamenný fishpond in Pilsen. These peat-bobg were affected by negative conseqences of human activities. The aim of this study is to find out what kind these changes was and what extent they were. The changes in vegetation were observed from two points of view. The GIS analyses of aerial photographs represent the macroscale view. Repeating of old phytosociological relevées was the microscale view. To understand the cause of vegetation changes, the species-environment analyses were used. Four transects were made for this purpose and a water table level, pH and conductivity were mesured monthly along these transects. One-shot measurements of N and P water concentration and a peat depth were also carried out. Measured data from transects were uses in multivariate vegetation analyses and also in one- way analysis, aimed to an expansion plant species. All three sites of concern came through strong changes in past. In all of them the area of biotops of great conservation importance decreased and some endangered plant species have been lost there. The changes in Pilská reservoir epilitoral were mostly anthropogenic, whereas the mires of Hořejší Padrťský fishpond and Kamenný...
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Current condition and historical development of waterlogged meadows in the region of Říčany
Horina, Lukáš ; Kindlmann, Pavel (referee) ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor)
During a cooperation on a project of the orchid protection in the Říčany Ecocenter number of questions arose. Firstly it is a question of an identification of orchid meadows. Then finding main parameters of an environment, which influence the occurence of Dactylorhiza majalis. Consequently finding factors that influence the size of population of Dactylorhiza majalis. And eventually finding a suitable management for the orchid meadows. I was trying to find the answers mainly via a comparison of orchid and similar non orchid meadows. I was comparing species composition, local conditions and historical use of the site. I decided for the method of phytocenologic snaps and Ellenberg numbers for detection of the local conditions. Historical maps were used for finding the historical use. Data were processed by statistic analytical methods (PCA,RDA) When comparing orchid and non orchid meadows I found out that they differ conclusively in species composition and in number of species. I found plant species according to which it is possible to determine a potentional orchid location. Furthermore I found out that orchid and non orchid meadows differ in values of parameters of an environment. Consequently I found that these parameters are continentality, humidity and trophy of the site. Then I found out that humidity...
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