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Living nature in the third grade
Pokorná, Daniela ; Klusák, Miroslav (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The paper deals with "living nature", how it is presented at school to the third graders, how children deal with examining, and what kind of mistakes they make. It comes out form the observation during lectures, dialogues with teacher and analyses of the tests. Piaget's works The Childs Conception of the World, The Psychology of the Intelligence and The Psychology of the Child were used as a theoretical base. Three main reasons for mistakes emerged from this research. First children have problems with the terminology, naming of objects, either brand new words or new content of familiar words. Second problem is different experience of each child. And finally, logical and infralogical mental operation which are quite new and difficult for children but important for organizing our surrounding world. Through acquiring of this topic at school children learn how to reason what is alive and why, what the typical characteristics of life are, so they can leave their child animism and egocentric way of understanding the world.
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Personality Predictors of Conservatism, Liberalism and Authoritarianism
Pour, Marek ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Bahbouh, Radvan (referee)
Broadly defined political ideology: Liberalism, Conservatism and Right-wing authoritarianism - often percieved as identical, are concepts dominantly used by researchers as descriptors of two distinct groups of people. However, this ideological understanding stems from overly generalized conclusions of current research: Empirically defined Social and Economic dimension of ideology is better described by two negatively correlated factors than one broad conservatism factor. Social and Economic conservatism and Authoritarianism are rather distinct concepts with specific personality and demographic correlates. Social and Economic ideology is - in part contrary to expectations - mostly predicted by Openness to Experience, Extraversion and Emotional stability. Economic conservatism differs from other ideological dimensions being mostly predicted by Income and Education. Social conservatism differs from Authoritarianism being predicted by Age. Moreover, in contrast with Authoritarianism, Economic and Social conservatism are both connected to unique opposite interactions of Income and Openness to Experience. Keywords Social and economic ideological dimensions, Authoritarianism, Personality predictors
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Individual Differences in Susceptibility to Framing Effects
Vintr, Jáchym ; Vranka, Marek (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with the topic of individual differences in susceptibility to framing effects. While some people respond sensitively to changes in the wording of decision problems, other people remain consistent in their decision-making regardless of a problem formulation. The goal of this thesis is to describe the current state of research evidence about these differences. The thesis first introduces main theoretical concepts of framing effect, focusing particularly on Prospect Theory, Dual-Process Theory and Fuzzy-Trace Theory. The thesis also elaborates on a framing effect typology, describes the main moderators of the effect, and summarizes the most important meta-analyses and replication studies. In the next part, the thesis introduces the main empirically described predictors of resistance to framing among cognitive styles, cognitive abilities, numeracy, personality dispositions and developmental factors. In the empirical part of the thesis, a pre- registered quantitative online study on a convenience sample from a Czech adult population (N = 584) was conducted with the goal of testing whether numeracy predicts resistance to framing above and beyond fluid intelligence, need for cognition and faith in intuition. For the purpose of the study, adapted two-factor Resistance to Framing scale and...
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Contribution to the development of dynamic assessment tools of executive functions
Snášelová, Olga ; Morávková Krejčová, Lenka (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The diploma thesis aims to present newly proposed methods of dynamic assessment of executive functions and evaluate their benefits through a pilot study. The theoretical section introduces dynamic approach to assessment and its methods and also describes the area of executive functions. The research part presents the proposed tests, focusing on the assessment of planning skills, cognitive flexibility, logical reasoning, working memory and self- monitoring. Their principle is the method of graduated prompts. The research sample used for the study consisted of thirty respondents aged from eight to fifteen years. The respondents were divided into two groups with the same number of participants. The first group included children with special educational needs, the second group involved intact respondents. The results of the study were evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Within the quantitative part, the number of necessary prompts and completed items was compared in both groups. The qualitative part focused on a detailed analysis of diagnostically relevant information obtained using the aforementioned methods. The results of the quantitative part of the research showed that the groups differ from each other neither in the number of graduated prompts required, nor in the number of completed...
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Factors contributing to interindividual differences in olfactory abilities and odour awareness
Nováková, Lenka ; Havlíček, Jan (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee) ; Vodička, Jan (referee)
The main body of the thesis deals with selected factors underlying the considerable variability in human olfactory abilities and some odour awareness-related measures, addressed in samples ranging in age from middle childhood to young adulthood. The thesis consists of two parts. The first part (Chapter 1), first presents the major advances and developments that brought about something of a renaissance of scientific interest in the human sense of smell, including the recent proliferation of psychophysical studies, both basic research and clinical. Next, an outline of olfactory psychophysical measures and related olfactory abilities that are of relevance to the studies presented in this thesis is provided. Subsequently, the selected factors contributing to interindividual differences in olfactory abilities, that have been addressed by this thesis, are reviewed, namely the effect of sex (or gender), which is approached from a developmental perspective, childhood gender nonconformity, and personality. Finally, intraindividual fluctuations in olfactory performance are also mentioned in brief. Next, the focus shifts to odour awareness by first introducing the various approaches that can be adopted to get closer to the real-life context as opposed to laboratory setting (where most olfactory studies continue to be...
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Review of contemporary theories of emotions
Fořt, Jakub ; Novák, Ondřej (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
This thesis deals with four contemporary theoretical approaches to emotion. It uncovers differences and similarities in understanding emotion successively according to basic emotion theory, appraisal theories, theory of psychological construction and theory of social construction. The thesis introduces views of key authors and results of empirical research that show support for individual theories. The introduced theories and empirical evidence are also critically assessed in the thesis. Apart from continuous evaluation of specific differences and similarities, the thesis includes a separate chapter that compares theories to each other. It is argued here that each one of the theories views emotion from a different perspective and investigates it on a distinct level of analysis. Each theory therefore holds a valued source of knowledge and ideas for the study of emotion. The proposed research aims to investigate the possibility of influence of learning mechanisms over emotion formation during cognitive development.
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Deriving personality structure from natural language using algorithm word2vec
Štipl, Jiří ; Lukavský, Jiří (advisor) ; Novák, Ondřej (referee)
This thesis presents a possible new method for inquiry into the structure of personality within the lexical approach. In the first chapter of the literature review, I define the most important theoretical constructs for trait research, lexical hypothesis and five factor model. Then I summarize the current findings in the area of information technology application to the study of personality structure, concretely to its prediction, prediction of its impression and its simulation. In the empirical part I describe how to devise general personality structure through the study of correlation between vectors representing meanings of words instead of correlation of self-report questionnaires. Successfulness of this method is then evaluated using confirmatory factor analysis, cluster analysis and illustrated with the aid of several graphs. According to my results, the proposed method provides new source of information about the structure of personality descriptive words. In the discussion section I then list several possible shortcomings of this approach and propose agenda for further research. Keywords lexical hypothesis, big five, word2vec, personality structure, word embeddings
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Person-centered approach in personality research and prediction of online environment behavior
Fousková, Petra ; Höschlová, Eva (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The presented diploma thesis focuses on the person-centered approach in personality research and on the possibilities of predicting behavior in the online environment. The theoretical part defines different approaches to personality descriptions, with a special focus on the person-centered approach, variable-centered approach, and person-specific approach. The outputs of thematically relevant research studies are also summarized here. The empirical part describes the exploratory research, which aimed to examine the possibility of predicting the personality type of LinkedIn users in the context of the person-centered approach, based on an analysis of their profile and behavior associated with this professional social network. The standardized HEXACO-PI-R and 4Elements Personality Inventory® questionnaires were used in the research. Cluster analysis was performed on data from 118 participants who filled out the 4Elements Personality Inventory®. Based on that, 4 clusters that describes 52,2 % of the variance were formed. Furthermore, using multinomial logistic regression, two models predicting the probability of a person belonging to a certain cluster based on information about predictors were created. Another cluster analysis was performed on the data from HEXACO-PI-R, which created 6 clusters that...
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Preconceptions of secondary school students about the internet
Yaghobová, Anna ; Brom, Cyril (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
Children bring to school preconceptions about various phenomena. At the same time, they form mature conceptions during the course of lessons. It is important to know what these preconceptions and conceptions are for the purposes of development of curricula of respective subjects. In the Czech Republic, no study has yet mapped children's preconceptions about the functioning of the Internet; to our knowledge, a larger such study was carried out abroad almost 10 years ago (as concerns upper primary school children). The aim of the present work was to map preconceptions about the Internet among 5th and 9th grade students and then to examine their "correctness", i.e. whether they correspond to true statements about the Internet. The work includes a proposal for diagnosing erroneous preconceptions and instructional procedures for eliminating erroneous preconceptions. The research was conducted using the method of thematic and frequency analyses of semi-structured interviews conducted with 56 pupils (28 of whom were in grade 5 and 28 from grade 9) from different types of schools across the country. The results show that children's knowledge is rather incomplete, in about half of the cases rather structured, in the other half rather fragmented, at least in part. Occasionally they have wrong preconceptions,...
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Music Structure and Time Perception
Becková, Adéla ; Nekovářová, Tereza (advisor) ; Lukavský, Jiří (referee)
The diploma thesis follows the bachelor's thesis Music and Time Perception (Becková, 2017). It focuses on time perception in music. It reviews current influential theories and models in the research of time perception, and also time perception models in relation to music, ie models based on the existence of internal time clocks and models based on attentional, memory and other dynamic processes. It also focuses on the psychological aspects of the metrum, rhythm and other musical characteristics in relation to time perception. Possible use of research findings in the field of time perception in music is also mentioned. In the experimental part I applied specific findings from the current research of time perception to short acoustic stimuli in the range of suprasecond intervals using reproduction as experimental paradigma. The filled- duration illusion, the divided time illusion and an effect of tone pitch were demonstrated. The findings from the experiment could be used in future research in the field of music and time perception. Klíčová slova: time perception, music perception, psychology of time
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