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Early ontogeny of the cell's circadian clock
Knapová, Adéla ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Vácha, Martin (referee)
This thesis focuses on the development and function of the circadian system, which regulates biological processes in the body according to the 24-hour cycle. The circadian system and its key components, including the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and peripheral oscillators, are introduced. The molecular operation of the circadian clock, which is influenced by two loops, is also discussed. A major theme is the ontogeny of the circadian clock, which occurs autonomously during embryonic stem cell differentiation. This process is influenced by various factors such as ultradian rhythms of the segmentation clock and the influence of maternal factors. However, not all signals are essential for the development of these clocks, and especially their rhythms, as revealed by in vitro methods. Furthermore, the thesis discusses how the behaviour of embryonic stem cells differs from cells differentiated from them, and why the circadian clock is dysfunctional in these cells. The work provides a deeper understanding of the ontogeny of the circadian system, its rhythms, and its regulatory mechanisms - that is, when, where and under what circumstances the clock starts to form and "tick".
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Role of melatonin in the mammalian intestine and its interaction with the gut microbiome
Přiklopilová, Barbora ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Mašín, Jiří (referee)
Melatonin is a hormone that primarily functions in regulating circadian rhythms in mammals. Independently of the pineal gland, it is also synthesized in the intestines, where it can interact with the gut microbiome and thus contribute to a wide variety of diverse functions. The aim of this paper is to describe the role of melatonin and summarize its functions across different organisms, with a particular focus on mammals. The work concentrates on explaining the proven effects of melatonin in the mammalian gut, its potential interactions with the gut microbiome, and the overall impact on the homeostasis of the intestinal environment.
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Complex molecular diagnostics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors
Kalfusová, Alena ; Kodet, Roman (advisor) ; Mandys, Václav (referee) ; Vaněček, Tomáš (referee)
Complex molecular diagnostics of gastrointestinal stromal tumors ABSTRACT Most of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are characterized by activating mutations in the KIT and PDGFRA genes (80 - 85 %). Mutations in the BRAF, KRAS, defects in the SDH complex or FGFR1::TACC1, ETV6::NTRK3 fusions were detected in the group of KIT/PDGFRA non-mutated GISTs (10 - 15 %). Targeted therapy with Imatinib mesylate (IM) marked a significant breakthrough in treating GISTs. A significant problem with targeted therapy is the formation of primary or secondary resistance. The biological behavior of the GIST is unpredictable. Determining the activity of selected markers for cell proliferation and senescence will enable the objectification risk of tumor behavior's aggressivness. The aim of the first part of our work was the mutational analysis of the KIT and PDGFRA genes and the detection of secondary mutations in patients with disease progression. We detected primary mutations in KIT and PDGFRA genes in 83.5 % of samples. We also demonstrated the presence of secondary mutations in 16 patients with progression of disease (in 29 progressive lesions - 69 %). We confirmed significant intratumor and also intertumor heterogeneity of secondary mutations. The aim of the second part of the thesis was the analysis of alterations in...
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Sexual harassment of nurses by patients
Laudová, Kristina ; Tomová, Šárka (advisor) ; Javůrková, Alena (referee)
The bachelor's thesis entitled "Sexual harassment of nurses by patients" discusses sexual harassment in the healthcare sector. Objectives: the purpose of the work is to determine the frequency and form of sexual harassment of nurses by patients, to determine the response of nurses and to compare sexual harassment of nurses in surgical and internal departments. In the theoretical part of the thesis, sexual harassment is defined according to international institutions. Sexual harassment in the healthcare sector, its recognition, risks, prevention and remedial solutions are further described. In the empirical part, the results of the own survey, statistical treatment of hypotheses and comparison of the results with other studies are presented. Methods: To achieve the aims of the work, a questionnaire survey was carried out, the target group of which was nurses from six teaching hospitals in the Czech Republic from internal or surgical clinics. 482 completed questionnaires were collected. Results: A third of the respondents answered that they had been sexually harassed by the patient, and in almost one hundred percent of the cases, the aggressor was a man. The frequency with which the respondents encountered sexual harassment was in the order of a month, about ten times a year. Disgust or anger (44%)...
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The role of epigenetic mechanisms in the development of drug dependence
Durdilová, Marie ; Novotný, Jiří (advisor) ; Janoušková, Alena (referee)
The abuse of addictive substances is widely spread and carries numerous negative impacts, both on individuals and their surroundings. Some substances can lead to addiction after just a few doses, while for others, it may be a more prolonged process. However, the result is generally similar, with the prioritization of the drug or activity becoming the individual's main focus in life. This shift in priorities is linked to increased dopamine production due to the substance's effects, and the modulation of reward circuits in the brain. Changes in the connectivity and excitability of neurons in the mesolimbic and mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems lead to the development and maintenance of addiction. These neuronal changes are maintained in the body through epigenetic remodeling of chromatin. The pattern of epigenetic modifications, characteristic for a specific type of abused substance, can be passed on to the next generation, thereby increasing the potential for addiction development in offspring. Research on epigenetic modifications associated with addiction provides us with a deeper understanding of the neurophysiological changes accompanying drug addiction. At the same time, it raises the question of further treatment possibilities for drug addiction by targeting the epigenetic modifications that...
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The influence of maternal care on the development of the circadian clock during ontogeny
Straková, Lucie ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Spišská, Veronika (referee)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the importance of maternal care in early ontogeny on the development of circadian rhythms and further physiological development. The central clock oscillator (SCN) is most strongly synchronized by the external environment through the rhythms of light and dark. However, during ontogeny, when the main and peripheral oscillators first develop, maternal signals are the main synchronizers for the offspring. Thus, integration between mother and offspring is fundamental to the proper synchronization of the developing offspring's circadian clock, and the mother, through her behavior, can negatively or positively influence its setting. Attention is therefore paid to breastfeeding as a nowadays neglected factor of motherhood that has a strong influence. The composition of breast milk has proven beneficial effects over artificial diets, and breastfeeding has benefits for the health and circadian rhythm of mothers and their offspring. Premature infants are exposed to artificial conditions and weaned from maternal care, similar to offspring in cross-foster experiments. The observation of these effects on the development of their circadian rhythms again only confirms the importance of maternal care. Key words: maternal care, circadian rhythms, ontogeny, breastfeeding
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Professional development portfolio by Eliška Petlanová
Petlanová, Eliška ; Thorovská, Alena (advisor) ; Zvírotský, Michal (referee)
Eliška Petlanová's professional development portfolio contains ten chapters. First part. The preface serves as an introductory text that carries through the entire work. The next part is a professional biography, which briefly describes the author in terms of professional knowledge. The following part of the professional essay deals with the issue of environmental education in elementary schools and the importance of school gardens. The Synopsis chapter of the book presents a title called What do children need most? The topic of this book is a good guide even for beginning educators. In the next chapter, a list of literature that can be beneficial for expanding knowledge in the field. The professional analysis of the pedagogic worker deals with the view of the educator and serves for the image of the educator from both a professional and a human point of view. In the chapter Case study of the school, there is an introduction to the Hradištko Elementary School, where the author works as a teacher and teacher's assistant during the preparation of her bachelor's thesis. The written preparation is processed in the afternoon held in the school group during the week in the spring. The bibliography and the list of sources list the titles and references that were used to develop the Professional...
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