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The issue of high-risk micronutrients, specifically calcium, vitamin D, and zinc in children on vegan and vegetarian diets
Březinová, Barbora ; Heniková, Marina (advisor) ; Selinger, Eliška (referee)
Veganism and vegetarianism are among the dietary trends with increasing popularity. As one of the diets that excludes a certain food group, the risk of deficiencies of certain nutrients in the diet needs to be addressed. For children, these deficiencies may be even more risky. This thesis focuses on selected potentially risky nutrients whose levels have been investigated in the paediatric population. Aims: The aim of this thesis was to assess whether there are differences in blood levels of zinc, calcium and vitamin D between vegetarians, vegans and omnivores. A secondary aim was then also to compile recommendations for parents in the form of an educational leaflet with information on dietary information for vegetarianism and veganism with regard to zinc, calcium and vitamin D. Methodology: The data used in this thesis were collected as part of the first phase of the KOMPAS study. Whole families eating a homogeneous diet, either vegan, vegetarian or omnivorous participated in the study. For the purpose of this thesis, laboratory blood tests, submitted diets, data on age, weight, height and supplementation used were used. A total of 130 children aged 6 months to 12 years were processed. These children were divided into 4 age groups according to diet type, gender and age, and the levels of the...
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Structural insights into 14-3-3 dependent regulation of ubiquitin ligase Nedd4-2
Tekel, Andrej ; Obšilová, Veronika (advisor) ; Bouřa, Evžen (referee)
The journey of an eukaryotic protein typically begins in a ribosome and ends in a proteasome. What happens in between is a great diversity of functions that makes life possible, but the fate of most proteins is to be eventually degraded. A key components in this process are ubiquitin ligases. This thesis aims to provide more insight into the molecular basis of regulation of one such protein, the Nedd4-2. Nedd4-2 is a member of the Nedd4 subfamily within the HECT family of ubiquitin ligases. Its most famous ubiquitination target is the Epithelial sodium channel, ENaC. It was reported that 14-3-3 protein and calcium modulate this and other interactions of Nedd4-2, but many questions remain to be answered about the structural basis of this regulation. Aiming to bring more insight at the molecular level, we performed measurements of small-angle x-ray scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation and hydrogen-deuterium exchange. Our conclusions bring new understanding in the area of ubiquitin ligases and for example can be applied in the new promising field of PROTAC drug design. Keywords: Nedd4-2, 14-3-3 protein, calcium, protein interactions
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Interaction of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone with physiological metals
Streďanská, Aneta ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (advisor) ; Červený, Lukáš (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Student: Aneta Streďanská Supervisor: prof. Přemysl Mladěnka, Pharm.D., PhD. Consultant: Zuzana Lomozová, Pharm.D., PhD. Title of thesis: Interactions of 7,8-dihydroxyflavone with physiological metals 7,8-dihydroxyflavone belongs to the phenolic substances collectively referred to as flavonoids. Flavonoids are bioactive components abundantly distributed in the daily diet with the ability to modulate health and disease through miscellaneous mechanisms including their antioxidant activity. However, they can also exhibit prooxidative effects under certain conditions. Due to this fact, which is related to individual factors, i.e. presence of various substitutions on the flavonoid come, it is therefore essential to understand the redox behavior based on the relationship between structure and effect and to understand their physiological, pharmacological and thus also potential toxic properties. The interaction with physiological metals is determined by the structure of the molecule through the dihydroxy moiety in positions 7 and 8. These mentioned metals are essential for many biochemical processes in biological systems. Their homeostasis is strictly regulated in the human body and disruption of this...
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Practical aspects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation in patients with renal disease
Bělohlávková, Adéla ; Vachek, Jan (advisor) ; Zakiyanov, Oskar (referee)
Vitamin D deficiency is typical of kidney disease, as are disorders of calcium- phosphate metabolism. Supplementation of native vitamin D and the resulting correction of calcemia values could contribute to improving the health status of these patients, even though native vitamin D has been considered ineffective in patients with more severe kidney disease. Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of native vitamin D supplementation on patients with chronic kidney disease. Methods: In the practical part, retrospective data of patients with chronic kidney disease treated in nephrology and internal medicine outpatient clinics were used. These data were obtained from the Klatovy Hospital database. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations at the beginning of vitamin D supplementation and changes in these values after one year were compared. In addition, data on muscle strength, fractures, propensity to falls and calcemia were evaluated. Patients' level of education regarding proper vitamin D supplementation was assessed by questionnaire. Conclusion: The results show that supplementation with native vitamin D leads to an increase in serum 25(OH)D concentration even in patients with more severe renal impairment, while optimizing serum total calcium concentration, and probably has numerous...
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The role of voltage-gated calcium channels in mammalian adipose cells
Pěknicová, Zuzana ; Ryšková, Lucie (advisor) ; Vlachová, Viktorie (referee)
Fat cells (adipocytes) are important regulators of adipose tissue and the whole organism. These cells are actively involved in whole-body energy homeostasis and changes in their function and metabolism have a far-reaching impact on an individual's health. Understanding the molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the proper functioning of adipocyte cellular processes can significantly aid in the treatment of a number of diseases including obesity, type II diabetes, and others. Therefore, considerable effort is currently being devoted to investigating the various signaling pathways involved in the life of a healthy adipocyte. Calcium, or its active form Ca2+, is an essential tool for cellular signal transduction and triggers a several biologically important processes in most cell types, including adipocytes. This bachelor thesis focuses on the regulation of calcium homeostasis by voltage-gated calcium channels, which appear to be active in the adipocyte, even though it is generally a non-excitable tissue. This paper summarizes current knowledge on the type, structure and function of calcium channels and their effects on adipocyte (patho)physiology. Possible therapeutic benefits based on the regulation of selected calcium channels as potential targets for the treatment of metabolic disorders are also...
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Powder metalurgically prepared materials based on Zn and Ca
Morcinek, Tomáš ; Hasoňová, Michaela (referee) ; Doležal, Pavel (advisor)
The topic of this bachelor thesis is a process of preparation and characterization of bulk material from zinc and calcium powder mixture by hot pressing. Materials thus prepared were evaluated in terms of their microstructure and physical-mechanical properties. The influence of calcium content in the material on physical-mechanical properties of the resulting structure was observed. The solution is focused on exploration of the influence of material composition in the process of preparation of bulk material, and description of these processes from the physical-chemical point of view on the structure formation and the resulting properties of the material.
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Phosphorus forms in river sediments
Schrimpelová, Kateřina ; Hrich, Karel (referee) ; Malá, Jitka (advisor)
Two main mechanism of immobilization of phosphorus in sediments are formation of insoluble phosphates of Ca, Mg, Fe, Al, and sorption. Phosphorus can be also immobilized as organic phosphorus contained in the biomass. This thesis is focused on searching of relationships between total, organic and inorganic phosphorus and iron, calcium and organic matter content in fluvial sediments. Within the framework of this thesis, samples of sediments have been collected and analyzed. The measured values have been filled by the data measured at the Institute of Chemistry in the years 2011-2012. Total number of samples is 48. Data have been statistically analyzed by Student’s t-test at the = 0,05 and = 0,01 levels of significance. The relationships between total phosphorus and iron and organic matter have been proven. Also the relationship between organic phosphorus and organic matter content has been proven and surprisingly the correlation with iron, too. The inorganic phosphorus indicated significant relationship with iron, but no significant relationship with the calcium content. At last there has been proven the correlation between inorganic phosphorus and the organic matter content.
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Preparation processes of Mg and Ca based powder materials
Jakůbek, Zdeněk ; Březina, Matěj (referee) ; Hasoňová, Michaela (advisor)
Bachelor thesis is focused on preparation of Mg-Ca material prepared from magnesium powder and calcium particles by hot pressing. Materials were characterized by microstructure and physically-mechanical properties. The influence of pressing temperature and the influence of calcium content was evaluated from final material properties. Obtained results serve to optimize these parametres.
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Treatment of bilogical waste from egg processing
Zich, Jan ; Brummer, Vladimír (referee) ; Máša, Vítězslav (advisor)
The main target of this final thesis is to compile possible uses of eggshell waste with emphasis on pharmaceutical industry. Firstly, the common handling of this waste, including legislation, is described. It is also explained what eggshell waste is mainly composed of – eggshell containing calcium and eggshell membrane rich on collagen and other substances. In addition, various ways of using eggshell waste are presented and evaluated, including manufacture of pharmaceutical products. Finally, a search for commercial solutions, patents and other sources dealing with the process of processing egg waste is carried out. It showed that although there are many patents, the offer of equipment for this purpose is very limited on the market. The acquired knowledge is used in the design of a unique process line enabling processing of both components of eggshell waste as pharmaceutical products.
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Interactions of metal ions with humic substances
Obručová, Kateřina ; Smilková, Marcela (referee) ; Klučáková, Martina (advisor)
This bachelor thesis is focused on humic substances, especially fulvic and humic acids. It deals with their genesis and subsequent extraction from nature materials. There are described not only physical and chemicals properties, structure of humic and fulvic acid, but also their reactivity. There is also described the method od isothermal titration calorimetry, which was subsequently used to study of interaction fulvic acid with selected metal ions (Cu2+, Ca2+, Mg2+). From the resulting titration data were determined values of reaction enthalpy, which was then compared with model complexes. From the resulting graphs, it was possible to determine when the reaction reached its maximum, the state when all the binding sites were full. Heat values were determined for this condition.
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