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Significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in invasiveness of Pinus strobus
Antl, Tomáš ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee)
6 Abstract This study aimed to compare the mycorrhizal fungal communities inhabiting the roots of invasive Pinus strobus L. and native Pinus sylvestris L. We also compared carbon allocation into ectomycorrhizal fungal (EcMf) and other structures of the two pine species. The aim was to assess the influence of mycorrhiza on the invasive potential of P. strobus in the protected areas of National Park Bohemian Switzerland. The two field experiments were conducted on three locations of each species. We estimated the EcM extramatrical mycelium (EMM) production by measuring the ergosterol content in sterile sand filled mesh-bags. Next measured variables were: biomass of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic sporocarps, fine roots biomass and leaf litter biomass to compare the one season production of each measured variables. The results revealed a major difference in EcM sporocarps production, whereas on the P. sylvestris sites was the production 100% higher. Same results came from the fine roots measurements: P. sylvestris had a higher fine roots production, which may be also related with the production of EMM, which was about 60% higher as well. The EcMf species richness on the P. strobus root-tips was as high as the native pine, but the species composition was different. The P. strobus prefers EcMf species with...
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Distribution, ecology and causes of decline of species from the family Pyrolaceae
Valeček, Martin ; Münzbergová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Figura, Tomáš (referee)
The family Pyrolaceae (pyroloids) includes the group of evergreen herbs or subshrubs growing in coniferous, especially in pine forest of the northern hemisphere. Their typical features are mycoheterotrophy and mixotrophy. In the early stage of development the mycoheterotrophy is used to obtain the necessary resources because the seeds do not contain enough substances to germinate. Adult plants then switch to mixotrophy or autotrophy, except P. aphylla. Mixotrophy allows pyroloids to combine inorganic carbon gain obtained from photosyntesis and organic carbon from symbiotic fungi. Mixotrophy of this family can significantly affect other plant species growing in its vicinity through mycelial networks of mycorrhizal fungi and contribute to affecting the structure of the community. At the present, all pyroloids are among the endangered or declining species in our country and in the world. This bachelor project summarizes the knowledge about pyroloids in the field of phylogeny, mycorrhizal symbiosis, ecology, distribution and in vitro cultivation in the form of literature research. In the last chapter I deal with the causes of decline and the possibilities of pyroloid protection. Key words: Pyrolaceae, mixotrophy, mycoheterotrophy, ectomycorrhiza, Pyrola, Chimaphila umbellata, Moneses, Orthilia
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Ektomykorhizy semenáčků smrku v porostech napadených kůrovcem
Loubalová, Karolína
This diploma thesis deals with the influence of tree dieback as a result of bark beetle attack on the ectomycorrhizal fungi community associated with the spruce seedlings. Seedlings were collected from forests located in three different permanent plots in the Tatra National Park, with different intensity of bark beetle attack (K1, K2, REF). Their biometric characteristics were measured and their micro-site conditions was described. The differences between the measured biometric parameters of the seedlings from the individual areas and the number of ectomycorrhizal species per seedling were tested by the scattering analysis in the Statistica program. Ectomycorrhizas from seedling roots have been categorized by morphological attributes into morphotypes; fungi generating these morphotypes were identified by comparison of the ITS rDNA sequences. Using the Canoco statistical program, it was found, which factors (micro-sites, biometric parameters) had influence on the ectomycorrhizal fungal community on seedlings, and whether it is related to the intensity of the bark beetle attack on forest. Seedlings from dead forest (K2) reached significantly higher elevations of aboveground part, root collar thickness, and had longer main root than the seedlings collected from healthy forest (REF), where on the contrary were the seedlings older (higher number of nodes). The type of area (intensity of bark beetle attack) and age were demonstrated as proof parameters in the Canoco program by CCA analysis in relation to the occurrence of ectomycorrhizal species on seedlings. By analyzing of RDA in relation to the occurrence of ectomycorrhizal species on seedlings classified into exploration types, the type of the area (intensity of bark beetle attack) and the micro-location of seedlings has shown as proving. The ectomycorrhizal fungal community associated with the spruce seedlings has been influenced to a certain extent by the state of the forest, however, the interpretation of these differences is difficult because there is a lack of data on ecology and physiology of individual ectomycorrhizal species.
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Significance of mycorrhizal symbiosis in invasiveness of Pinus strobus
Antl, Tomáš ; Kohout, Petr (advisor) ; Baláž, Milan (referee)
6 Abstract This study aimed to compare the mycorrhizal fungal communities inhabiting the roots of invasive Pinus strobus L. and native Pinus sylvestris L. We also compared carbon allocation into ectomycorrhizal fungal (EcMf) and other structures of the two pine species. The aim was to assess the influence of mycorrhiza on the invasive potential of P. strobus in the protected areas of National Park Bohemian Switzerland. The two field experiments were conducted on three locations of each species. We estimated the EcM extramatrical mycelium (EMM) production by measuring the ergosterol content in sterile sand filled mesh-bags. Next measured variables were: biomass of ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic sporocarps, fine roots biomass and leaf litter biomass to compare the one season production of each measured variables. The results revealed a major difference in EcM sporocarps production, whereas on the P. sylvestris sites was the production 100% higher. Same results came from the fine roots measurements: P. sylvestris had a higher fine roots production, which may be also related with the production of EMM, which was about 60% higher as well. The EcMf species richness on the P. strobus root-tips was as high as the native pine, but the species composition was different. The P. strobus prefers EcMf species with...
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Vliv duální mykorhizy na příjem těžkých kovů vybranými dřevinami čeledi Salicaceae
Kuchár, Michal ; Mrnka, Libor (advisor) ; Kolaříková, Zuzana (referee)
3.2. Abstract Soil contamination by heavy metals represents rather serious environmental problem for both human health and an environment itself. One of the perspective technologies dealing with this threat that only recently has been intensely developed is phytoremediation by means of short rotation coppice plantations. As plants used in this technology (mostly poplars and willows) host two major groups of mycorrhizal fungi substantially influencing plant physiology it is important to study plant-mycobiontheavy metals interactions rather than just plant-heavy metals interactions. The present thesis aimed to contribute to the growing knowledge of the field by search for suitable mycobionts of poplar or willow tolerant to heavy metals, by evaluating an activity of the key antioxidative enzyme in selected mycobionts and by looking at physiological responses of plant hosts to their mycobionts in a soil polluted by heavy metals. The first experiment in vitro focused on screening of morphometric criteria of fungi growing on solid growth media amended with mixture of heavy metals. Based on the results, several tolerant ectomycorrhizal strains were chosen for the next inoculation of fast growing trees serving phytoextraction and phytostabilisation strategies. The second, re-synthetic experiment was conducted in...
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Vliv umělé inokulace na druhové složení ektomykorhizních hub semenáčků borovice lesní
Loubalová, Karolína
This bachelor thesis deals with the influence of artificial inoculation on biometric parameters and on the occurrence of ectomycorrhiza on the root system of Scots pine seedlings in the forest nursery Svinošice. Differences between measured biometric parameters of seedlings for each treatment were tested by analysis of variance (ANOVA). Ectomycorrhizas were sorted on the basis of the morphological characteristics into so-called morphotypes; ectomycorrhizal fungi forming individual morphotypes were identified by comparing of sequences of the ITS rDNA. These observed data were processed with statistical program Canoco. The inoculation was unsuccessful, fungi used for this inoculation did not form mycorrhiza on seedlings. Representation of the ectomycorrhiza morphotypes on the roots of the seedlings had no statistically significant effect on their biometric parameters. Positive results of this work consist in clearly described and validated methodology for identification of ectomycorrhizal fungal symbionts via the description of mycorrhiza morphotypes and subsequent method of comparison of ITS rDNA sequences.
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Diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in selected beech stands in Blanský les
HEJNA, Ondřej
The diversity and abundance of ectomycorrhizal fungi in three beech stands were compared during 2012 and 2013 years in two soil horizons. Individual ectomycorrhizal roots tips were morphologically and anatomically characterized. Representative morphotypes were identified by using molecular methods to confirm and verify ectomycorrhizal fungal species.
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