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The Position of the Czechoslovakia Senate in the Political System in the First Republic
Kouřimský, Jan ; Pehr, Michal (advisor) ; Polášek, Martin (referee)
The goal of this thesis is to show the life and functioning of the Senate of the National Assembly of Czechoslovakia. The upper house of the Czechoslovak Parliament functioned between 1920 and 1939 after which it was officially dissolved during the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. In the concerned period, the chamber was gradually saw 444 lawmakers of seven different nationalities. The biggest number consisted of Czechs and Germans. The functioning of the Senate is analyzed from multiple angles. First the debate accompanying the establishment of a second chamber before the adoption of the new Constitution in 1920 is analyzed. Attention is also paid to the period debates and unrealized proposals for a Senate reform at the end the 1920's, linked to the proposed creation of the Economic Parliament. Also shown is the proportional representation electoral system used for elections to the Senate. The results were reflected in a large number of political parties with low electoral gains, which in turn hindered the creation of a stable political environment. The thesis considers the party, ethnic, social, intellectual and oratory activities of individual senators. The lives of some of the lawmakers who held seats in the upper chamber in the First Republic and were negatively affected by the German...
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Changes in expression of immune-related genes after induction of inflammation in birds
Pojezdná, Anežka ; Vinkler, Michal (advisor) ; Chudíčková, Milada (referee)
Inflammation is one of the most important immunological mechanisms that protect animals from diseases. In my thesis I summarized information on changes in gene expression in tissues in the course of the inflammatory immune response in birds. I tried to describe the main features of the immune response in birds and highlight the differences to other vertebrates, especially mammals. I focused mainly on the surface molecules of various types of immune cells, as well as on signalling by soluble factors called cytokines. Although in general features are the inflammatory reactions in birds and mammals similar, in my thesis I have shown that a large portion of mediators and signalling molecules work very differently in these two vertebrate groups (e. g. the TNF SF-mediated pro-inflammatory signalling) and that substantial variation many be found even between different species of birds. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Translational control in immune response.
Hlaváček, Adam ; Valášek, Leoš (advisor) ; Čáp, Michal (referee)
Immune reaction often requires a prompt modification of gene expression that in turn alters cellular physiology. There are an increasing number of articles supporting a critical role of translational control in this aspect of cellular biology. The aim of this work is to present some of cellular and molecular mechanisms that connect translational control and immune reaction in immune and somatic cells and can be possibly misused by some viruses. Perhaps not surprisingly, many immunologically relevant translational control mechanisms are similar to those acting during the stress response. Over the years it has been documented that the T cells, dendrocytes, Natural killer cells and macrophages utilize translational control for their immunological activation following stimulation. Combination of general and gene-specific translational control mechanisms enables fast changes in proteome and physiology that are characteristic for immune cell activation. The overall impact of translational control on immune response is further illustrated by the fact that it acts upon each stage of life of immune cells - from their activation, through survival, to a programmed cell death. Even in some non-immune cells the translational control plays an important role with respect to immunity, as these cells are known to have an...
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Patková, Lucie ; Šturma, Pavel (advisor) ; Faix, Martin (referee)
The thesis deals with topic of universal jurisdiction with an emphasis on British House of Lords' decisions in case of former Chilean president Augusto Pinochet from years 1998 and 1999. Universal jurisdiction enables to prosecute crimes committed abroad by persons, who at time of such commission were neither the citizens of state in question nor the permanent residents of the state. It is expression of an idea, that it is common interest of the whole international community to prosecute the most serious crimes under international law, irrespective of any link to the prosecuting state, because such crimes relate to the whole international community and not only single state. The first chapter of the thesis deals with national criminal jurisdiction, whose comprehension is necessary for further understanding of universal jurisdiction. The universal jurisdiction is the main topic in the second chapter, in which I outline a brief history of the concept, mention application of the universal jurisdiction in case with Adolf Eichmann in Jerusalem, and try to find out where the importance of universal jurisdiction lies or what the main alleged disadvantages and risks are as well. My further concerns are the scope of universal jurisdiction, that is the crimes that are subjects to its application, universal...
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Effect of inhaled IgY and Fab fragments on the lung inflammation
Majerová, Barbora ; Hodek, Petr (advisor) ; Koblas, Tomáš (referee)
Human respiratory system is in constant contact with heterogeneous environmental agents, which can possibly become initiators of inflammatory responses. Mechanical barriers and balance between the innate and adaptive immunity provide protection from external agents without initiation of any inflammatory response. Under certain circumstances, overreaction of the immune system might occur and leads to the production of various inflammatory cytokines and mediators such as TNF-α and GM-CSF factors or interleukins IL-1ß and IL-6. Respiratory system of the human suffering from cystic fibrosis is unable to defend against bacterial infections effectively. Chicken egg immunoglobulins (IgY) could eventually become a suitable tool for the protection from opportunistic pathogens, because they, when bound to antigen, don't activate the complement cascade. One method of determining the immunogenicity of the studied agent is the exposure of experimental animal and further measurement of inflammatory cytokine concentration. In this thesis, the potential inflammatory effect of IgY, IgY-derived Fab fragments and ovalbumin was determined after an exposure of Wistar rats by long-term inhalation. Correct implementation of inhalation experiment was confirmed via production of specific antibodies against the inhaled...
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Leniency programme in competition law
Duch, Martin ; Horáček, Vít (advisor) ; Klee, Lukáš (referee)
This thesis deals with a legal framework of leniency programme. The program provides imunity or fine reduction from government penalties to the first member of a cartel in exchange for cooperation. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate effectiveness and functioning of the Czech and European leniency program, effects in practice and current challenges the program is facing. In introduction thesis deals with general requirements for an effective leniency program, further with development of the program in the EU and the Czech Republic with focus on progress towards more efficient, transparent and attractive system and application practice of the Commission, and. Office for Protection of Competition. It briefly introduces the European Competition Network and Model Leniency programme. Another part deals with the private enforcement of competition law in context of the current case law concerning access to the file and protection of leniency materials.
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Czech church duringthe reign of Premysl Otakar I.
Kudláček, Jaroslav ; Hrdlička, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Veverková, Kamila (referee)
This work deals with the person and period of Přemysl Otakar I and above all with the Bohemian church, which at this time was fighting for its independence. I attempt here to describe Přemysl's achievement of a great success in the form of the Golden Bull of Sicily. I also address the ecclesiastical struggle that Bishop Ondřej conducted with the king. This whole struggle between church and state culminated in great privileges issued to the church by Přemysl Otakar I. In this work I describe both these successes, ecclesiastical and statebuilding. I approach this struggle from the position of the church and from the position of the state and in conclusion I summarise the impact the result of this struggle had on the Bohemian church. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Verification of practical possibilities to strengthen the immune system in women
VRCHOTOVÁ, Nikola
The topic of this final bachelor work is immune system which comprehensively describes its function and factors that influence it. The theoretical part deals with function of the immune system, introduces its cells and organs which are split synoptically. Further on, the theoretical part describes factors with influence on the function of the immune system. These are factors which reinforce but also weaken immune system. Every factor in this work is explained with its influence on immune system and it also describes the signs of its absence or surplus in human's health. Practical part of the bachelor work deals with immune training of Hermann Geesing (2008). The immune system is applied on eight women for the time of eight months. They were noting the activities of immune training into tables during two periods May to August and September to December. The results are evaluated by two graphs. One of them shows percentage of the set activities that were fulfilled. The second one describes subjective and complex condition of the women who participated in the training. The results are rated after every period and separately on every woman. At the end, the work describes the benefit of the immune training for every woman.
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Autophagy in the immune system
Vávra, Dan ; Černý, Jan (advisor) ; Janštová, Vanda (referee)
Autophagy is an essential, homeostatic process - survival mechanism that protects cells by various ways: cells break down their own components to recycle nutrients, remodel and dispose unwanted cytoplasmic constituents. Autophagy is involved in the degradation of long-lived proteins and entire organelles, but paradoxically, considering important prosurvival functions, autophagy may be deleterious. It plays an important role during development, tumor suppression, immunity and is required for the adaptation to environmental stresses such as starvation. Recent studies indicate, that autophagy is a central player in the immunological control of bacterial, parasitic and viral infections. The process of autophagy may degrade intracellulal pathogens. This work describes the mechanism of autophagy and highlights the role of autophagy in innate and adaptive imunity, summarizes some advances in understanding the functions of autophagy and its possible roles in the causation and prevention of human deseases.
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Study of inflammation using epithelial cells
Majerová, Barbora ; Hodek, Petr (advisor) ; Koblihová, Jitka (referee)
The human respiratory system is in constant contact with heterogeneous agents from the environment. There must be effective mechanical lung barriers and sufficient immune protection due to continuous deposition of various substances in the respiratory system. The mutual balance between the mechanisms of natural and adaptive immunity of the lungs is essential for destruction of infectious agents without initiation of inflammatory response. Overreaction of the immune system of the lungs may lead to the production of various inflammatory mediators and cytokines such as interleukins IL-1, IL-6 and IL-18. When determining the immunogenicity of a substance, it has to be exposed to lung epithelial cells, and then the concentration of cytokines produced is measured. To determine the immunogenicity of mammalian immunoglobulin G and chicken immunoglobulin Y the subsequent twenty-four hour exposure to A549 lung cancer cell line was made. Concentration measurement of cytokines IL-1 and IL-6 was performed using Luminex method, which pointed out the immunogenicity of goat immunoglobulin G and certain chicken immunoglobulins Y.
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