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Origin and Biological Affinity of the Alleged Gravettian Mandible Předmostí 30.
Drahošová, Michala ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Velemínský, Petr (referee)
Dissertation solves the problem of the origin of the mandible from collection of Moravian Museum in Brno. Publications of authors working in the location Předmostí u Přerova since the year 1884 have been used to achieve this goal. Simultaneously records in the incremental books of MZM in Brno have been researched, unfortunately without success. Therefore research of the biological affinity of the mandible P30 with others gravettiens discovery has been accepted as well as variability of recent humans. For study we used methods of geometric morphometrics, which allows us better clarify shape discrepancies in comparison with standard analytic methods. Comparison of shape variability of the mandible we used 91 cranial CT exposures of the recent Czech population. We placed 42 landmarks to segmented 3D models of the mandible and we made a PCA analysis. To extend the argument for justifiability to incorporate studied sample among discoveries from Předmostí u Přerova we created file of linear proportions of the tooth crown based on available publications and our own measuring. Morphological study, shape analysis of the mandible and dimension of the teeth leads us to results that the mandible P30 in our study can really belong to the Gravettien Age. Key words: Mandible, Molars, Předmostí u Přerova,...
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Sexual dimorphism of the face and changes during senescence
Mydlová, Miriama ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Blažek, Vladimír (referee)
The human face shape is constantly changing during human life, even after one`s development stop (Hennessy a Moss, 2001; Williams a Slice, 2010). This work applies geometric morphometry method on study of sexual dimorphism of human face through ageing. Sexual dimorphism can be defined as a systematic difference in form between individuals of different sex of the same kind (Samal et al., 2007). Morphological changes, related to the process of ageing of human face, were analysed on data obtained from 3D surface models of human faces using methods of geometric morphometry (Dense Correspondence Analysis, Principal Component Analysis, Shell-to-Shell Deviation) and multivariatel statistics (Scree Plot, Hotelling`s Tš-test, permutational test, MANOVA). The work results indicates that the form (size with shape) and shape of men and women faces significantly change through ageing. Individuals aged between 20-40 years differ in form of the face, however the oldest men aged between 61-82 years differ from women only in shape of the face. The biggest differences in sexual dimorphism are in the middle age category (41-60 years), where there are significant differences not only in form, but also considering shape alone. Key words: ageing, form and shape, geometric morphometry, human face, sexual dimorphism 7
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Megasecoptera: morphology and taxonomy of newly discovered specimens from Upper Carboniferous of northern China (Insecta: Palaeodictyopteroida)
Pecharová, Martina ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Godunko, Roman (referee)
The extinct insect group of Palaeodictyopteroida (Insecta: Palaeoptera) comprised mainly phytophagous species and occurred from Upper Carboniferous to Upper Permian. Megasecoptera is one of several orders of belonging to this group. Although, the order Megasecoptera comprised over 20 described families, morphology of some body structures are insufficiently studied. The present thesis deals with evaluation of new material comprising the extensive set of 76 fossil insect specimens from the Upper Carboniferous (Bashkirian) of northern China. The fossils having excellent state of preservation of the wings and other body structures provide new insights concerning the external morphology of Megasecoptera. All studied specimens were attributed based on wing venation pattern into two known megasecopteran genera within families Brodiopteridae and Sphecopteridae. The aim of the present thesis is examine the morphology and variability of wing venation of two newly proposed species Brodioptera sp. n. and Cyclocelis sp. n. from site in northern China. In addition the following methods of geometric morphometrics based on landmarks were used for comparison of venational characters: a comparison of centroid size, procrustes analysis, principal component analysis and thin plate spline. Variability of wing venation...
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Development of maxilla in patients with orofacial clefts after the primary cheiloplasty.
Hoffmannová, Eva ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Stránská, Petra (referee)
The present study is concerned with development of maxilla, or moreprecisely palate,in course of first year of life in patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP), before and after cheiloplasty. The metodology has it's center in processing of dental plaster casts of UCLP patients via classical and geometric morphometry. All the patients have been operated following same protocol in the neonatal period. The operation was conducted by the same surgeon Jiří Borský, M.D. in the teaching hospital Motol in Prague. In the trackedThe results suggest that the variability of shape was larger in cUCLP patients than in UCLP+M patients. Statistically significant differences in the palate shape were observed in both age categories within both defect categories. The variability of form (size and shape) was followed within each defect category and statistically significant differences between both age category was proven. In the light of average changes intha palate morphology, we tracked both anterior and posterior growth of both segments with increasing age in both defect categories. More distinctive aproximation of both segments, due to the pressure after the cheiloplasty and growth of both segments, was observed in cUCLP patients. Essencial influence of increasing gravity of the defect on changes...
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Morphometric analysis of palatal surface in patients with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate.
Rusková, Hana ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Trefný, Pavel (referee)
Thesis deals with the study of palate morphology and variability of patients with UCLP, using modern methods of geometric morphometrics. Dental plaster casts of UCLP patients (average age 14,8) and the control group (average age 14,7) were used for evaluation. The models were scanned using a 3D scanner. For evaluation of total variability of patients with orofacial clefts, previously rated dental casts of BCLP patients (whose age ranged from 12,1 to 16,5) were also included. All patients were operated and treated at The Clinic of Plastic Surgery in Prague. The results are in accordance with literature, which describes the basic size and shape differences in the morphology of the palate in different types of clefts (e.g. narrowing of the palate in UCLP and BCLP and asymmetry of palatal vault in UCLP). Using "Dense correspondense models analysis" average surface models were computed and new informations about the shape and premaxila position were gained. Different location and slope of the palate in different types of clefts and within control group were detected by superimposition of average models and FESA. UCLP palate have typically asymetric palate vault with a maximum height in front of the cleft palate and at the back in the side without malformations. Variability of the shape of palate for each group...
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Application of morphometric methods in anthropology
Pešek, Adam ; Eliášová, Hana (advisor) ; Šuláková, Hana (referee)
In last thirty years a new branch of comparative biology is growing rapidly, this branch is called the geometric morphometrics. Methods of geometrics morphometrics allow to gain and evaluate data about shape and size of studied object in 2D or 3D space. The character of input data divided methods used in geometric morphometric on method based on analysis of outlines and method based on analysis of landmarks. Many modern technologies like contact scanner, laser scanner or tps software are helping in data acquisition. The main conclusion of this bachelor work was exploring usability of methods of geometric morphometric in many cases in Anthropology. In many biological and mainly anthropological studies, geometric morphometric were applicated to compare shape variance and in studies of variability of shape. Common are studies of sexual dimorphism on human skeleton, ontogenetic developement of skeleton, disparity of sign on human skeleton among population and ethnicity or changes of these forms of structures in populations during time.
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Using classic versus geometric morphometrics in anthropology
Pinkr, Tomáš ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
Shape differences and their analysis may reveal differences in the growth and morphogenesis, the influence of different evolutionary pressures, or the consequences of a disproportionate burden of the various parts of the body. Variability of some characters cannot be measured, but it can be observed and described verbally, or eventually described in photographs or schematically. A morphoscopy deals with it and currently beside the traditional direct visual observations also modern technology is utilized. Morphometry unlike morphoscopy is used for measurement and comparison of organism shapes and shape changes analysis. Outputs of morphometric examination are tables of numbers and mathematical and statistical operations are used to obtain information from these data. Current anthropology divides morphometry to two slightly different sets of methods a traditional morphometrics and a geometric morphometrics. The traditional morphometrics measures directly object of study using conventional measuring tools. Conversely, the geometric morphometrics analyzes object in the virtual space using sopfisticated instrumentation including special software. Display methods store information about geometry of the subject. Resulting databases are used not only for the original analysis but also for other research as...
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Evaluation of ontogenetic development of the mandible using geometric morphometric methods
Kiebelová, Alena ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (referee)
During ontogeny there are a lot of changes in the entire human skeleton. This thesis deals with shape changes in the mandible, which are caused by genetic, hormonal, as well as mechanical factors. The most important mechanical factors influencing the shape of mandible are development of deciduous and permanent dentition and also development of masticatory muscles. 34 children mandibles of known age and 14 adult mandibles were analysed and compared for this thesis. Data were obtained by scanning coordinates of 36 landmarks using Microscribe G2X, and then were processed by software PAST and Morphologika2 using multivariate statistics (PCA, MANOVA). Geometric morphometrics is used for a detailed analysis of shape changes of the mandible. There is no difference between dental and chronological age. In conclusion, lower jaw narrows during growth, the body extends more in the region of third molars and the ramus grows mainly in the region of condylar process. Chin prominence also occurs during ontogeny. In the group of adult mandibles the variability is caused by coronoid process height and the body width. The hypothesis, that age groups are significantly different from each other, and therefore due to tooth mineralization there are marked shape changes, is confirmed.
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Ontogenetic changes of the face.
Benešová, Eliška ; Eliášová, Hana (advisor) ; Dvořák, Daniel (referee)
The human face is characterized by a combination of morphological characters, which are unique for each individual. These characters are subject to change during ontogeny influenced by age, pathological conditions, injuries. The aim of this diploma thesis was an observation of age changes in the face of individuals in the age range from one to eighteen. Resource material were black and white photographs of girls and boys. Analysis of age changes in facial area was performed using methods of geometric morphometrics, specifically thin plate spine (TPS). The shape analysis confirmed, that between age and face shape exists significant relationship. It was found, that is mainly due to significant changes in height and width ratios. Face extends and narrows, forehead height is reduced and lower jaw grows to lenght. Facial changes are also influenced by the sex of individuals, while for girls the overall growth in the face stopps about age of fifteen, for boys continues to the age of eighteen years. Keywords Geometric morphometrics, thin plate spline, ontogenetic development of the face, age changes.
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Forensic Identification of Child Faces
Klíma, Ondřej ; Španěl, Michal (referee) ; Beran, Vítězslav (advisor)
This thesis is focussed on children's faces comparison. Its aim is to create the application providing functions for photocomparison and ageing. Both these parts work with portrait photos of children. Photocomparison purpose is a metric expression of similarity of two portraits independently on their age. Ageing is a tool for the simulation of an individual's growing old on the photo. Principles of both functions are based on geometric morphometry methods, particulary on procrustes analysis and thin-plate spline aproximation.
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