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Risk factors of osteoporosis and fractures in people over 65 years of age
Malimánková, Jana ; Zikán, Vít (advisor) ; Šimková, Simona (referee)
This diploma thesis deals with risk factors of osteoporosis and fractures among people older than 65 years. Theoretical part contains the definition of osteoporosis, physiology of bones, hormonal regulation, determinants of disease, clinical manifestation, prevention of disease and old age. Essential chapters of theoretical part are about moving activity and nutrition. Aim of this thesis was to evaluate the occurrence of osteoporosis and risk factors of fractures in connection with risk nutritional factors. The research includes 86 responders, who filled out the questionnaire of risk factors and the risk of fractures was found out using FRAX tool. Based on these results patients were divided into 2 groups: with high risk and low risk of fractures. 10 patients of each group provided 3-day menu. The densitometric examination was accomplished to 30 responders and the probability of fracture formation was evaluated. The results of diploma thesis show, that 45 % of responders have higher risk of fracture formation. This group has significantly higher age and lower BMI. This research then showed that patients with higher risk of fracture formation get significantly less energy, proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and calcium. Moreover, most of participants has insufficient intake of dairy products and fish....
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The role of nutrition in the prevention of osteoporosis: calcium, proteins and gut microbiota
Holánová, Karolína ; Zikán, Vít (advisor) ; Vágnerová, Tereza (referee)
Introduction: Osteoporosis is defined as a systemic metabolic disease of skeleton. It is characterized by reduced amounts of bone mass and degradation of bone tissue microarchitecture with increased chances of fractures occurring. Women after menopause are affected by lack of estrogen and therefore have increased risk of osteoporosis. Goal: The goal of the diploma thesis is to evaluate the nutritional state of women after menopause with osteoporosis (With OP) and without osteoporosis (Without OP) focusing on calcium, proteins and nutrients which are affecting gut microbiota (prebiotics and probiotics). Methods: Nutritional state was evaluated based on three-day diet analysis and questionnaire about dietary preferences. Amounts of particular nutrients in respondents diets were obtained by using web page www.kaloricketabulky.cz. Bone material densities were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: Nutritional breakdown of diets did not show any statistically significant differences in most of the cases. The only exception was protein and fiber intake, where the group without OP reported higher intake. Both sets of respondents reported higher intake of calories, fats and proteins then recommended. On the other hand, low intake of carbs, fiber, calcium and probiotics was discovered...
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Calcium intake in patients with disorders beta oxidation fatty acids with long chain.
Ondrová, Ellen ; Floriánková, Marcela (advisor) ; Ješina, Pavel (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with rare hereditary metabolic disorders, LCHAD (long chain 3- hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase) deficiency and MTP (mitochondrial trifunctional protein) or TFP (trifunctional protein) deficiency. Deficiencies of these enzymes cause a disturbance in the cycle of β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids. The basis of treatment for these disorders are dietary and regimen measures. The main goal of the bachelor's thesis was to determine the level of compliance in dietary and regimen measures and calcium intake in patients with LCHAD/MTP deficiency. The theoretical part first describes hereditary metabolic disorders as a large heterogene- ous group of serious hereditary disorders, some of which occur rarely. These rare diseases include LCHAD/MTP deficiency. First, general findings of hereditary metabolic disorders, their history, occurrence, heredity, pathogenesis, diagnosis, clinical manifestations and treatment, are briefly summarized. Furthermore, the theoretical part of the thesis deals with fatty acids as a nutrient, which plays a crucial role in the diet of a patient with LCHAD/MTP deficiency, as well as the β-oxidation process, which is disrupted in these de- ficiencies. The main part of this thesis is devoted to the disease itself, the LCHAD/MTP de- ficiency. It...
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Neurosteroid effects on neuronal network activity in vitro.
Strnadová, Lenka ; Smejkalová, Terézia (advisor) ; Heleš, Mário (referee)
GABA receptors type A (GABAAR) are ligand-gated ion channels permeable for chloride anions. In the mammalian brain they mediate most of the inhibitory transmission. Moreover, the dysfunctions of the GABA-mediated system result in many neurological disorders, including epilepsy, anxiety and depression. Neurosteroids are cholesterol metabolites interacting with a variety of membrane receptors and have a direct effect on neuronal excitability. The neurosteroids allo-pregnanolone (allo-PA) and pregnanolone (PA) are potent positive modulators of the GABAAR. The goal of this work is to establish a newly constructed application system and a calcium imaging method using the GCaMP sensor to examine the effects of PA on the activity of primary hippocampal cultures. In this work we validate the application system and test the GCaMP calcium sensor in vitro. Application of PA inhibited the spontaneous calcium peaks, which agrees with its known actions on the GABAAR. We discovered that the neurosteroid inhibitory effect on the neuronal network activity changes after repeated applications. The results suggest that there might be some compensatory actions on the GABAAR level during prolonged or repeated exposition to PA. Key words: GABAAR; neurosteroid; pregnanolone; allopregnanolone; calcium; GCaMP; inhibition
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The role of nutrition in the treatment of osteoporosis
Večeřová, Vendula ; Zikán, Vít (advisor) ; Kytnarová, Jitka (referee)
Introduction: Osteoporosis is one of the most frequent bone metabolic disease. It is a systemic metabolic skeleton disease, where the architecture of bone tissue is damaged due to the loss of bone mass, and therefore the bone quality is reduced. Thus, it comes to increased bones fragility and reduction in mechanical resistance, which leads to a higher risk of fractures. The principle of pathogenesis is an imbalance between resorption and bone formation. Due to increasing lifetime and lifestyle changes, the prevalence of the disease increases. Aim: The aim of the practical part of the diploma thesis is to evaluate the eating habits of postmenopausal women treated for osteoporosis and to evaluate their nutritional condition in relation to bone mineral density (BMD). Methods: Nutritional habits were obtained and evaluated through a questionnaire survey. Three-day meal records were collected and analysed using the Nutriservis Profesional nutritional software, to determine the energy intake and selected nutrients. Osteodensitometric data were measured using dual emission X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Results: The analysis of the diet showed that the observed group of women consumes an excessive amount of energy on average, especially in form of fats. Higher intake of protein was also observed....
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The diet calcium intake among adolescent girls in aerobic gymnastics
Kudláčková, Tereza ; Raška, Ivan (advisor) ; Michalská, Dana (referee)
Nutrition with sufficient content of calcium is important for optimal growth and development of the skeleton. Insufficient intake of this mineral during adolescence can have negative effects on bone in the form of not reaching the peak bone mass, the amount of which formed at this time subsequently affects the health of bones during the rest of life. For girls doing aerobic gymnastics, bone health can also be compromised by other factors related to the risks of this aesthetic sport. The main goals of this thesis were to determine the daily dietary calcium intake and the awareness of the importance of calcium in the diet of girls doing aerobic gymnastics. For the research of the girls' knowledge an electronic questionnaire was used and it was completed by 92 respondents at the age of 12-18 years across performance categories of aerobic gymnastics. Based on the answered questions, it was found that the respondents' knowledge of this issue is unsatisfying. To determine the amount of calcium ingested by diet, 4-6 days diets were written by 11 members of aerobic gymnastics representation. After calculation of these diets, the insufficient daily intake of dietary calcium was found and it averaged about half of the recommended values. From the analysis of the diets it was also found out, that the girls...
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Problems in prevention of vitamin D and calcium deficiency in geriatrics
Prokopová, Michaela ; Vágnerová, Tereza (advisor) ; Kvasničková, Ivana (referee)
Vitamin D and calcium are essential for the health of the elderly population. Due to the changes that occur in the body during aging, it is necessary to monitor the intake of these micronutrients and, if necessary, to supplement or substitute them appropriately. This thesis focuses on prevention of vitamin D and calcium deficiency in old age. The theoretical part explains the function of vitamin D and calcium in the human body, their metabolism, sources and problems of deficiency or excess. There is information about diseases related to the deficiency, especially osteoporosis and sarcopenia. The practical part has two sections. The first analyses the data from the SPRINTT trial. Data related to vitamin D, calcium, their supplementation and sarcopenia, as a disease associated with vitamin D deficiency, were used. The second section analyzes the data from a questionnaire survey in nursing homes, which obtained information about the health of seniors, the frequency of consumption of selected foods and vitamin D and calcium supplementation. Using data from the SPRINTT, it was found that 55 % of men and 40 % of women had the values of sarcopenia. 11 % of the participants had vitamin D deficiency. The data from the questionnaire found that only 51 % of respondents over the age of 70 supplemented with...
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Preparation of a method for detection of the extent of chelation of calcium and magnesium ions
Konečný, Lukáš ; Mladěnka, Přemysl (advisor) ; Jáč, Pavel (referee)
Charles University Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology Candidate: Lukáš Konečný Supervisor: prof. Přemysl Mladěnka, Pharm.D., Ph.D. Title of Thesis: Preparation of a method for detection of the extent of chelation of calcium and magnesium ions Calcium and magnesium are biogenic elements belonging to the second group of the periodic table. Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the human body. In addition to its important role in bone homeostasis, calcium is involved in other processes such as blood clotting, muscle contraction and regulation of nerve excitability Magnesium is the cofactor of many enzymatic reactions essential for a row of physiological functions. The aim of this work was to propose a novel screening method for determination of the degree of calcium and magnesium chelation. In the first step the UV-vis spectra of the selected indicator o-cresolphthalein complexone and its complexes with calcium and magnesium were measured. This was followed by verification of the linearity and the determination of the sensitivity of the method. Concurrently the stability of the indicator and its complexes with both ions was measured. In the last step, the suitability of the method was verified on a standard chelator ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid...
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Molecular mechanisms of polymodal regulation of TRPA1 receptor
Sinica, Viktor ; Vlachová, Viktorie (advisor) ; Vondrášek, Jiří (referee) ; Holendová, Blanka (referee)
The TRPA1 channel is a universal, nociception-mediating cellular sensor activated by various environmental irritants, potentially harmful physical modalities and endogenous mediators of pathophysiological processes. The polymodality of TRPA1 channel allows the activation stimuli to further enhance or suppress each other's effect. While this modulation effect has its physiological importance in promoting the protective cellular and behavioral mechanisms, it may result into the unpleasant pain-related effects accompanying the chronical pain caused by aberrant TRPA1 channel activity. In order to effectively and selectively target the synergic properties of TRPA1 modulators, while preserving the sensitivity to the environmental threads, the knowledge of the mechanisms of polymodal regulation at the molecular level are required. This doctoral thesis aims at the elucidation of three main mechanisms of TRPA1 regulation: 1) the regulation via intracellular signaling cascades and phosphorylation, 2) the interaction with membrane phospholipids and 3) the temperature-driven gating. The results presented in the thesis show that the effects of the inflammatory mediator bradykinin are decreased by the low-frequency high-induction electromagnetic field used in magnetotherapy. We have identified a residue S602...
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