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Immunity and polyomaviruses
Janovec, Václav ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Belovičová, Martina (referee)
Human polyomaviruses JC and BK belongs to the group of small non-enveloped DNA viruses, and are widespread in the human population. After usually asymptomatic primary infection subsequently persist throughout life in the body in a state of persistence. Thus, this thesis aims to summarize present knowledge concerning the involvement of immune mechanisms involved in immune surveillance against persistent JC and BK viruses. The published findings show that the immune surveillance against human polyomaviruses is a very complex process where an important factor is the involvement and cooperation of non-specific and specific immune defense. Long-term immune surveillance against persistent viruses is mainly mediated by specific T lymphocytes. If this immune surveillance disrupted, it can lead to reactivation of the virus. The change in cytokine environment and the genetic makeup of an individual are another important factors in cases of reactivation. The two human polyomaviruses were developed mechanisms that allow them seemed to partially escape immune surveillance. It also raises the question whether this immune escape contribute to induce tumorigenesis.
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The Persistence of Human Polyomaviruses
Blažková, Kristýna ; Drda Morávková, Alena (advisor) ; Kuthan, Martin (referee)
Despite years of research, even the most scrutinized Polyomaviruses - BK and JC - have not yet been thoroughly understood. With a number of new Polyomaviruses - KIV, WUV, MCV, HPyV6, HPyV7, TSV and HPyV9 described in the past few years, the need to understand how Polyomaviruses operate in their hosts has become even more urgent. The probable route of transmission appears to be either respiratory or faecal-oral. The initial infection occurs most likely in the early childhood or early-adolescence and is followed by a life-long persistence. The seroprevalence of Human Polyomaviruses among healthy adult population is high: BKV (81-97 %), JCV (35-69 %), KIV (55 %), WUV (69 %), MCV (25-46 %) and TSV (70-80 %). Human Polyomaviruses can cause fatal diseases in immunocompromised patients. The site of persistence in humans probably varies depending on the specific Polyomavirus. BK and JC are known to persist in kidneys and the urinary tract. Human Polyomaviruses have been detected in the lymphatic tissues, blood, respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems. It is not clear, however, if they persist in all of these sites. Mechanisms which Polyomaviruses use to establish and maintain persistent infection could include the viral miRNA and viral agnoprotein, which would result in a modulation of viral...
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Ontogeny of dorsoabdominal scent gland complex in the representatives of the Pentatomoidea (Heteroptera).
Kutalová, Kateřina ; Vilímová, Jitka (advisor) ; Kment, Petr (referee)
Dorso-abdominal scent glands (= DAGs) of larvae represent one of apomorphic characters of insects order Heteroptera. These glands can persist until adults in different taxa. The persistence of DAGs were proved in the members of the family Acanthosomatidae. The ontogenetic development of DAGs cuticular structures were studied in all stadia, from 1st larval instar to adults of acanthosomatid Elasmucha ferrugata (Fabricius, 1787). The study concerned external structures and sculptures associated with DAG ostiole and areas of their surfaces, as well as internal structures, shape of gland reservoir and number of conducting ductules of proper glandular units. The light microscope and stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscope were used for this comprehensive study.
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Interaction of Borrelia sp. with HL-60 cells and monocytes and cultivation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in HL-60 cell culture
Marková, Lucie ; Hulínská, Dagmar (advisor) ; Beranová, Jana (referee)
Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum are causative agents of Lyme disease and human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Their common vector in Europe are the ticks from the genus Ixodes. In our work, we focused on interaction of innate immune cells with the causative agent of Lyme diseases, that are insubstitutable in their function in the early phase of the disease. Anaplasma phagocytophilum is hard to cultivate, the only possibility is to cultivate it in cell cultures. Successful cultivation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum acquired from patients in our geographic area is crucial for following experiments and for diagnostics too. In our experiments, we used validated cell cultures of HL-60 cells, canine monocytes DH82 and murine monocytes P388D1. During our studies of interaction of the causative agent of Lyme diseases with cells, we used two strains of different species Borrelia. Borrelia garinii M192 and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto B31. These strains vary in virulence. The strain M192 is virulent, but the strain B31 lost its virulence by passages. We specialised in study of morphological changes using light microscopy (observation of dyed and fixed preparates and observation in dark field), eventually by transmision electron microscopy. During our experiments, we concluded that HL-60...
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Study of persistence phenomenon at Staphylococcus aureus
Kubištová, Lucie ; Lichá, Irena (advisor) ; Melter, Oto (referee)
Staphylococcus aureus is human pathogen and is causative factor of many diseases with different character, from light infections of the skin to life-threatening sepsis. S. aureus often colonizes cystic fibrosis patient's lungs and causes long-standing pneumonia, which can cause death in these patients. Infection caused by S. aureus are, as most of the infections, treated with antibiotics. Failure in treatment is caused because of presence of resistant strains. It was shown, that treatment failure can be caused by different type of the antibiotic tolerance - by the persistence. Persisters are phenotypic variants of isogenic bacterial population, that is unaffected by antibiotic treatment even though they don't have genetics determinants of the resistance. The phenomenon of the persistence in bacteria is still relatively poorly understood. The aim of my thesis was to contribute to the characterization of the persistence in S. aureus. We have optimized a method for rapid identification of persisters' amount in the bacterial population after treatment with antibiotics using the method of measuring the killing curves. We have found out, that exposure to osmotic stress causes increase in number of persistence in the bacterial population by 1 - 2,5 order. Using quantitative PCR method we have analyzed the...
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Residual analysis of botanical pesticides using separation methods
Medová, Tereza ; Nový, Pavel (advisor) ; Táborský, Jan (referee)
Botanical pesticides that include essential oils are considered to be one of the possible alternatives to synthetic chemical pesticides in plant protection, therefore it is important to develop our knowledge about these natural substances. This Master thesis comprises the residual analysis of selected compounds contained in Cymbopogon citratus Stapf, Pelargonium graveolens L'Hér and Thymus vulgaris L. essential oils after their application on plant material. The chemical composition of each essential oil was initially analyzed by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC - MS). This analysis helped to select three representative compounds for each essential oil and the residues were determined for each of them. Citral, Geranyl-acetate and Limonene were selected for C. citratus, b-Citronellol, Geraniol and Linalool for P. graveolens and Thymol, p-Cymene and g-Terpinene for T. vulgaris. Two new methods to determine botanical pesticide residues were developed. The new methods should provide faster and easier analysis. One of them uses Solid Phase Microextraction method (SPME). The other one, that was applied in the residual analysis, uses hexane for extraction. The results show that essential oils' persistence is very low on the surface of plant material, which would imply they are environmentally friendly and safe for human health assuming correct manipulation with these substances.
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Application Database Layer Generator
Kuboš, Jaroslav ; Rychlý, Marek (referee) ; Burget, Radek (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the design and implementation of a framework for the database persistence layer development. This framework is easy to use while keeping the code elegance. It supports object oriented programming features such as inheritance and collections. Other features include versioning of objects and lazy loading. The object metadata are obtained through reflection provided by the .NET framework. The framework is not using any literal for identification (classes, attributes) even in object queries. Most of checks are done by compiler.
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The Study of Distribution of Halogenated Diphenylethers to Parts of Environment
Hroch, Martin ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Šucman, Emanuel (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
In recent years considerable attention is paid to problems of brominated flame retardants (BFR's – Brominated Flame retardants), which are a diverse group of organic compounds. Even in the recent past have been the most often represented group particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have found wide use in many industrial sectors. The reason of aplication of these substances is the ability to slow down the combustion process and reduce the risk of ignition by the excessive heating of material. On the other hand, serious concerns about the use of PBDEs was added. The most serious trouble is particular their possible to release from consumer products during their normal use, toxicity and high persistence in parts of environment. Some of these contaminants are more characterized by a high degree of accumulation in biological systems. In this work by several sub-studies the issue of assessment the level of pollution of the aquatic ecosystem of selected localities of the Czech Republic just PBDEs was addressed. One of objectives was monitored the situation of breeding ponds near the village Záhlinice in Central Moravia. Here was assessed level of contamination in fish and birds as two consecutive segments of food chain. The obtained results largely confirmed the assumption that with increasing trophic level of organisms leads to bioaccumulation and thus also higher findings. For comparison, the capture of fish and birds in other localities of the CR was also implemented. In Bartošovice and Hustopeče nad Becvou levels at the buzzard and heron were detected as comparable. The cormorants of the order higher levels of PBDEs were found. Further were also evaluated levels of PBDEs detected in individuals of bioindicator kind of chub caught in two locations on the river Svratka in spring and autumn. Findings of PBDE in muscle, skin and intestines were compared. The obtained results show that between tissues and sites wasn’t significant variability respectively and the findings of controlled substances are practically comparable. With aim to determine the dependence of the concentration of PBDEs in organisms on the length of the river was conducted monitoring of Vír and Brno water reservoirs. In both locations was main monitored kind of bream, which was completed by the other species. The results of the analysis indicate a higher total concentration at the lower part of river Svratka. Differences were also the distribution of individual congeners in both sampling locations. For monitoring of terrestrial system contamination levels of PBDEs has been selected several types of plant bioindicators. These are mainly pine needles (Scots pine, Eastern white pine, Silver fir, Blue spruce) collected from different localities of the Czech Republic. Other matrices were chosen roughages (Common wheat, Naked barley, Alfalfa wheat, Red clover) and oilseeds (Rapeseed) from the Novy Jicin, where Agriculture plant school of the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno. Detected values of PBDE concentrations were very low, generally ranged at the detection limits of the analytical method.
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Comparison of object-oriented and object-relational data model as persistence layer in Java
Karásek, Tomáš ; Palovská, Helena (advisor) ; Pavlíčková, Jarmila (referee)
The aim of the present bachelor's thesis is comparison of representatives of object-oriented data model and object-relational data model and suitability their use as persistence layer in Java application. The first part of this thesis focuses on overview of object-oriented data model and object-relational data model, their theoretical basis, characteristic features, historical development and their representatives. Then possibilities of storing permanent data in Java application, examples of standard Java APIs, their advantages and areas of use are explored. Another part is concentrated on demonstration of database management systems Oracle and objectDB, comparison of their functionality, easiness of use with databases and connection with Java database application. Afterwards accessibility of documentations and the code length of both solutions are compared. In conclusion of this part discovered facts are summarized and recommendations for choice of data model are determined. Clearly arranged comparison of representatives of object-oriented and object-relational database management systems and determination of more convenient database for connection with Java application is the result of this bachelor's thesis.
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