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Stereotyping of Africa by pupils of Prague grammar schools
Kofroňová, Jana ; Hasman, Jiří (advisor) ; Frajer, Václav (referee)
The stereotyping of Africa has recently resonated not only in scientific circles, but is slowly making its way into the wider public consciousness. As Africa's population grows, the continent's importance on the global stage will gradually increase. It is time to realise how much our perceptions are influenced by entrenched stereotypes and to recognise what Africa is really like. This bachelor thesis focuses on the stereotyping of Africa by pupils in Prague grammar schools. In the theoretical part, it discusses the issue of stereotyping and factors that affect it. A specific attention is paid to the topic of stereotyping Africa, emphasizing the differences between experienced ideas about Africa and reality. The thesis has two research questions: to identify the most common stereotypes of Africa and to test the importance of their underlying factors. Through a combination of a survey within pupils and interviews with their teachers, the necessary data was collected. Using a categorisation of terms used by pupils in relation to Africa, three main groups of stereotypes were identified: wildlife, poor Africa, and primitive and underdeveloped Africa. To describe Africans, pupils used words such as illiterate, poor, or negroid. The research showed that all the factors studied contribute to the degree of...
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Metabolic specifics of persons with increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus
Chocholová, Denisa ; Vejražková, Daniela (advisor) ; Krejčí, Hana (referee)
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) is a metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose levels. The issue of the disease and its prevention is very topical, with the increasing prevalence of obesity in recent years leading to a constant rise in newly diagnosed individuals, with predictions for 2030 estimating up to 11 % of the world's population. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the dynamics of glucose processing during a 3-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in individuals at increased risk of developing DM2 and in a control group of healthy individuals with consideration of intersex differences. Information inherent in the glycemic trajectory could be significant both in terms of predicting potential glycemic dysregulation and other health complications such as dyslipidemia and other components of the metabolic syndrome (MS). It could thus contribute to extending the time interval suitable for very early and therefore more effective prevention. Furthermore, the thesis evaluates certain gene variants that may increase the risk of developing DM2. In this context, the genes MTNR1B and NME7 were investigated. A total of 1262 individuals (1035 women and 227 men) with various degrees of glucose tolerance underwent the extended 3-hour OGTT. Participants were examined in terms of...
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Experiential and Interpersonal Meanings in Product-Related Texts: Analysis of Online Shopping Websites Targeting Male and Female Customers
Dombajová, Helena ; Pípalová, Renata (advisor) ; Lancová, Klára (referee)
The present diploma thesis investigates meanings in product-related texts found on brands' online shopping websites. The thesis aims to identify the meanings which are communicated in relation to the products offered and additionally, attempt to uncover potential differences in communication with male and female customers. To fulfil these objectives, a specialized corpus was assembled, comprising product-related texts from nine brands grouped around three product types - sport shoes, body lotions along with creams, and luxury watches. The texts were subsequently analysed employing Halliday's Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG) as the analytical framework. Two types of meanings, experiential and selected interpersonal meanings, were analysed, with the former being the focus of the analysis and the latter playing a complementary role. In order to offer functional explanations for observed patterns, the findings were contextualised with brand identity information. Results indicate a close interconnection between the selection of experiential and interpersonal meanings and brand identity characteristics. Furthermore, the study identifies subgenres of the examined product-related texts as well as gender-specific communication strategies related to the presented brand image, the depiction of product's positive...
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Ontogenetic changes in antipredator defence strategies
Schusterová, Zoe ; Exnerová, Alice (advisor) ; Šípek, Petr (referee)
Changes in antipredatory strategies are a timely topic because they help us understand the benefits and limitations of each strategy. They can also help explain certain behaviors of animals at a given ontogenetic stage. My thesis summarizes the existing knowledge on this phenomenon. The first chapter provides an overview of taxa in which the change of antipredatory strategy during ontogeny has been described. I then focus on the antipredatory mechanisms subject to change. I then present hypotheses explaining the origin of antipredatory strategy change and the benefits it confers on animals. Finally, factors that may influence strategy change are discussed. Keywords: antipredatory strategy, predation, aposematism, crypsis, mimicry
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Chromatin modifications and small regulatory RNA in plant intergenerational and transgenerational stress memory: experiments in plants subjected to drought
Macek, Jan ; Holá, Dana (advisor) ; Čermák, Vojtěch (referee)
Water is important for many vital processes, and a lack of water in plants causes drought stress. In case plants survive drought, they can be better adapted for subsequent drought periods. This is defined as stress memory, which will last for a certain period after the stress ended, and can even be transmitted to offspring to help it deal with stressful environment. In such case it is called an inter- or transgenerational stress memory and is probably mediated by chromatin modifications or non-coding RNAs. In this thesis, I collected and discussed original papers dealing with the molecular basis of this phenomenon in drought-stressed plants, focusing mostly on various methodical aspects. It is evident that the maintenance of chromatin modifications across generations is quite a complex process. Currently available information is still scarce, concerns mostly DNA methylation, is incomplete and conflicting. To better understand this topic in the future, the methods of analysis of these modifications need to be adjusted (and focus also on histone modifications), the general design of the experiments has to be improved (analysed generations subjected to stress/control conditions, drought verification, number of replicates) and some factors that can affect plant stress memory should be purposefully...
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Competences of managers at the educational organization
Doležalová, Helena
The thesis deals with the definition of the term competence and competency model of a senior academic at a university. The term "competence" can be understood as a set of knowledge, skills, abilities, habits, attitudes and values of a given individual that enable him/her to perform "with competence" in some area of his/her activity. It is also possible to describe in this way the ability of a person to act correctly in a certain situation based on the use of their own resources (abilities, skills, knowledge, etc.). The definitions of competencies of staff working in educational institutions are important not only in the curriculum, where the individual in the educational field affects the personal development of individuals or groups, but also in terms of staff hierarchy, including the definition of responsibilities and competences. The thesis defines such terms as executive and university; this type of schools can be further divided into public, state and private universities. The diploma thesis analyzes the competences of senior academics at the university, deans of faculties and heads of departments/institutes, examined on a sample of public universities based in Prague. These competences are then compared with each other, it is a comparison of the competencies of the deans of the faculties and...
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Contact Precautions in Nursing in the Intensive Care
Satranská, Andrea ; Trojánek, Milan (advisor) ; Neugebauer, Jan (referee)
The thesis titled "Barrier Nursing in Intensive Care Units" explores the issue of knowledge and adherence to barrier nursing and enhanced hygienic regime and the reasons for non- compliance. Objectives: The focus of the thesis is to ascertain knowledge of nurses about barrier nursing and enhanced hygienic regime. Furthermore, to determine which protective measures are actually being followed and the reason why they are not being followed. Methods: To fulfill the objectives of the thesis, a survey targeting nursing staff in an adult intensive care unit was created. The survey took place at the University Hospital Hradec Králové. A total of 76 completed questionnaires were included in the study. Results: Based on statistical evaluation, it was found that nurses in intensive care units have an average knowledge of hygienic regimes of 88.36 %. The most common situation in which respondents do not fully adhere to enhanced hygienic measures is during an acute condition of a patient. In the open-ended response section, respondents most frequently mentioned CPR, the risk of removal of invasive access, or patient bed exit. Conclusion: The thesis achieved all predetermined objectives. The issue of adherence to barrier nursing measures, and consequently enhanced hygienic regimes, is a comprehensive topic in...
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Central sterilization department and its importance in hospital facilities
Nápravová, Barbara ; Jirkovský, Daniel (advisor) ; Haluzíková, Jana (referee)
The bachelor's thesis entitled "Central sterilization and its importance in a hospital facilities" deals with the role of the central sterilization department, describes its main purpose in a medical facility and tries to provide a more detailed description of the operations that take place there. Objective: The aim of the work was not only to introduce methods of sterilization, but also to find out the level of knowledge of general and practical nurses about the correct handling of sterile medical devices. The aim of the research part was also to verify knowledge regarding the correct implementation of sterile material control and decontamination of biologically contaminated medical devices. Sample and methods: The research was carried out in the form of an electronic questionnaire of our own design, which contained twenty items. It was distributed in outpatient clinics, inpatient wards and central operating rooms in the Military University Hospital Prague at the beginning of 2024. The research group consisted of 72 respondents, of which 27 were included in outpatient service, 22 in inpatient wards and 23 from central operating rooms. Results: According to the data analysis, it was found that 14 nurses (19,44 %) could not correctly determine the color of the chemical indicator on the seam of the...
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Learning Progression-Based Assessment of Modern Genetics
Procházka, Marek ; Janštová, Vanda (advisor) ; Jáč, Martin (referee)
Molecular biology and genetics represent some of the most challenging biological topics for students, a correct understanding is also essential for the other chapters of biology and chemistry. The learning progression test is a tool that allows to determine the level of understanding of the given fields, which can serve as feedback that can be followed up in a targeted manner in further teaching. The aim of this work was to translate and subsequently validate the test of learning progression in molecular biology and genetics from the English original "Learning Progression-Based Assessment of Modern Genetics". Another goal of the thesis was to explain the possible influence of variables (e.g. participation in a biology seminar, science competitions or future study focus) on the overall score. Validation took place in several phases (checking the translation by experts and didactics, testing at schools and subsequent evaluation and analysis). Grammar school students completed the test online during biology class. They achieved a low level of understanding of heredity at the molecular level, further in the area of the influence of the environment on genetic information, the transfer of genetic information to offspring, and in general it is difficult for them to apply theoretical knowledge to specific...
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Multicriterial Tool for Analysis and Predict Human Thermal Stress
Řehák Kopečková, Barbora ; Soukup,, Radek (referee) ; Kolářová,, Jana (referee) ; Jícha, Miroslav (advisor)
The thesis is concerned with the development of a multi-criteria tool capable of determining, for given input conditions, the most appropriate model for predicting the thermal state of a person in a protective suit, based on developed objective decision scheme. Four heat stress indices or physiological models were selected for the development of this tool: PHS (Predicted Heat Strain), IPHS (Individual Predicted Heat Strain), Gagg's 2-node model and the FMTK model. The algorithms of PHS, IPHS and Gagge were implemented in Matlab. Subsequently, all 4 models were validated against the experimental results. Based on the results of the validations, the applicability of these models for predicting human heat stress was verified. For some models, the applicability conditions were possible to extend. The accuracy of rectal temperature prediction was the main criteria. Furthermore, based on the results of the validation studies, metrics were selected to build an objective decision system. This was used to select the most appropriate model for the given environmental conditions. In the cooperation with SÚJCHBO, the data for model validation were delivered: 140 tests were carried out for 4 protective suits (FOP, Tyhem, Tiger, OPCH) and 4 ambient temperatures (-10, 5, 25 and 35 °C). 12 test persons were involved, 6 male test persons aged 29-53 years, 170-187 cm tall and weighing 69-92 kg, and 6 female test persons aged 28-49 years, 158-176 cm tall and weighing 56-71 kg. In total, 1987 simulations have been carried out using selected models, for different initial values of rectum and skin temperature, and for different estimates of metabolic activity. A look-up table was created to find the most appropriate model for the given conditions according to the inputs to the multicriteria tool via a decision scheme, based on the evaluation of the results of the simulations against the experiments in terms of the MAE (Mean Absolute Error) and the difference between the predicted and measured rectal temperature at the end of the test. Finally, the resulting multicriteria tool was created in Excel, including a graphical interface for entering values.
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