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The role of creatine and branched chain amino acids supplementation in muscle physiology and its possible clinical use
Zacpálek, Pavel ; Žurmanová, Jitka (advisor) ; Heleš, Mário (referee)
(in English) Creatine kinase system could be considered the energetic frontline of a cell. It creates and maintains a cellular energy storage and at the same time enables the very fastest response to a high energy demand. Aims of this thesis were to thoroughly describe the creatine kinase system, its role in the energy metabolism and metabolism of creatine molecule itself. As a popular nutritional supplement, there was an emphasis on creatine's impact on the physiology of skeletal muscle and also its higher intake. Furthermore some of the creatine-related disorders were described, as well as research of their treatment. Lastly, the branch-chained amino acids were researched for possible synergic effect with creatine, connection between these two was found through the mTOR signalling pathway.
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The influence of alcohol on muscle contraction time in the thigh muscle area
Richter, Michael ; Šteffl, Michal (advisor) ; Kinkorová, Ivana (referee)
Name of thework: The alcohol influence on the rate of muscle contraction in the muscles of the thigh area Objective of the thesis: 1. The aim of the work was to determine the influence of an alcohol on contractile properties of muscles of m. Rectus femoris and m. Vastus lateralis in men and women. 2. Comparison of properties of postural and phasic muscles. Method: This is an empirical - theoretical work in which the research has the character of a quasi-experiment of a group of 22 probands of different genders with an experimental way of obtaining data. The experiment was applied on students that attend UK FTVS daily. The age of students ranged from 21 to 25 years. All students had to have a valid medical check-up and passed through a CAGE questionnaire that identifies alcohol addiction. The measurement was performed with the TMG 100, which serves to measure the contractile properties of the muscles. The muscles m.rectus femoris as representatives of postural musles and m.vastus literalis as representatives of phasic muscles, were chosen as examples. The research consisted of 4 rounds, where the first round was alcohol-free and the other three were with alcohol. Each round contained a dose of 0.3 grams of alcohol per kilogram of weight. For women this formula was modified. All results were...
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The effect of intensity of voluntary isometric contraction on rheological characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue in vivo, in situ
Kopecká, Barbora ; Bittner, Václav (advisor) ; Jelen, Karel (referee)
Title: The effect of intensity of voluntary isometric contraction on rheological characteristics of skeletal muscle tissue in vivo, in situ Objectives: The main aim of this study is to determine the effect of intensity of isometric voluntary contraction of skeletal muscle on its viscoelastic characteristics. The work also aims to contribute to the verification of myotonometer as an objective diagnostic instrument and compares it to known methods for evaluation of muscle tone, or its partial characteristics. Methods: We used myotonometer - utility model 29456 for evaluation of changes of stiffness and viscous behavior of skeletal muscle in vivo, in situ in 20 healthy volunteers. The values were compared during 0%, 20%, 35% and 50% of maximal strength of isometric contraction of finger flexors, controlled by hand-held dynamometer. Results: We concluded that both stiffness and viscous behavior of skeletal muscle increases with higher intensity of isometric voluntary contraction. Keywords: myotonometer, skeletal muscle, viscous behavior, stiffness, muscle tone
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The use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy for studying glucose metabolism
Kratochvílová, Simona ; Pelikánová, Terezie (advisor) ; Štich, Vladimír (referee) ; Polák, Jan (referee)
Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) is a noninvasive technique that enables to follow metabolic processes in selected tissues in vivo. Recently the attention has been focused on metabolic mapping in target organs of insulin action to describe the pathophysiology of insulin resistance. The aim of our study was to present the practical application of ³¹P (phosphorus) MRS and ¹H (proton) MRS in metabolic studies of skeletal muscle in insulin resistant subjects and in subjects with impaired fasting glucose. The third study was aimed to evaluate the brain metabolism with ¹H MRS in healthy controls and subjects with type 1 diabetes during hyperinsulinemia. ¹H and ³¹P MRS were performed using a MR Scanner Siemens Vision operating at 1,5 Tesla. To assess the parameters of glucose metabolism and insulin action oral glucose tolerance test and hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp were performed. The study 1 was aimed to evaluate the skeletal muscle (m. soleus) energetic metabolism in the offspring of hypertensive parents (OH) with a higher level of insulin resistance. The concentrations of selected high energy phosphates (phosphocreatine, inorganic phosphate, adenosintriphosphate, phosphomonoesters, phosphodiesters) were evaluated with ³¹P MRS. Their amount in OH was comparable to healthy controls. However we...
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Influence of alcohol on the contractile properties of skeletal muscle
Vrba, Matěj ; Šteffl, Michal (advisor) ; Kinkorová, Ivana (referee)
Title: Influence of alcohol on the contractile properties of skeletal muscle Objectives: To identify the impact of alcohol to contractile attribute (Tc - contraction time and Dm - maximal displacement) m. rectus femoris. Method: The diploma thesis corresponds with empirically-theoretical based study. The research has a character of a quasiexperiment. The measured participants were consisted of students (n = 8) of Military Department (VO) and students (n = 3) of civilian (TVS) of attending full-time studies at the Faculty of Physical Education and Sport (FTVS) of Charles University (UK) in Prague. There were used the methods of descriptive statistics to describe it - rate position (arithmetic mean) and a measure of variability (standard deviation). Contractile attributes (Tc, Dm) were measured on the device TGM 100 at an electricity current intensity 80 mA. To analyse the normality of data was used Kolmogorov-Smirkov's test. For further calculations was used parametric method one-way ANOVA for repeated measurements were used statistical significance. For statistical processing was used computer program IBM SPSS Statistics 22 and the individual dose of alcohol relative to body weight was administered in three rounds at 20 minute intervals. Results: The average Tc was 33.23 ± 3.45 ms for the first...
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Observing of the skeletal muscle shape changes depending on human body surface temperature
Frýdová, Aneta ; Stupka, Martin (advisor) ; Otáhal, Martin (referee)
Title: Observing of the skeletal muscle shape changes depending on human body surface temperature Objectives: The aim of this work is to observe the cross-section changes of the m. rectus femoris depending on human body surface temperature changes. The cross section of the muscle was characterized by two dimensions: VDDM (ventrodorsal dimension of muscle) and LMDM (lateromedial dimension of muscle). The body temperature was affected by local positive and negative thermotherapy methods. Methods: The first part of the experiment focused on the selection of appropriate local positive and negative thermotherapy forms. Four of them were selected (two positive thermotherapy methods - Peat thermotherapy bags and infrared heater InfraPhil HP3616 and two negative thermotherapy methods - gel bag Cryoflex and Cryogen 3 device) for the main research. Twelve subjects participated on the main experiment. Selected local positive thermotherapy methods were applied on the centre of the subject's thighs, subsequently selected negative thermotherapy methods were applied. The body surface temperature was measured immediately before application, after 30 minutes of positive thermotherapy and after subsequent negative thermotherapy application. Ultrasound images of m. rectus femoris were taken at same time. VDDM and...
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Factors affecting glucose metabolism and inflammatory response in critically ill patients
Kotulák, Tomáš ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Maruna, Pavel (referee) ; Šenolt, Ladislav (referee)
Hyperglycemia in critically ill patients was considered for many years an adaptive response to stress conditions being present in both patients with and without previous history of diabetes. Hyperglycemia is caused mainly by peripheral insulin resistance induced by the factors acting counteracting insulin signalling at the postreceptor level. Furthermore, hyperglycemia itself can then increase serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (Il-6) and interleukin-8 (Il- 8) and others. On the contrary, peripheral insulin resistance induced by pro- inflammatory cytokines may further potentiate hyperglycemia. White adipose tissue represents in addition to its energy storage function also a very active endocrine active organ. In addition to regulation of a number of metabolic processes it also significantly modulates the inflammatory response. In critically ill patients, adipose tissue changes its morphology, i.e. the adipocytes are shrinking and adipose tissue is abundantly infiltrated by macrophages. Paradoxically, overweight and obese critically ill patients have lower mortality than underweight, lean and morbidly obese subjects. In our studies, we selected population of the patients undergoing elective major cardiac surgery with extracorporeal...
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Maturation of AMPK in skeletal muscle during early postnatal development
Hansíková, Jana ; Janovská, Petra (advisor) ; Kalous, Martin (referee)
AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important metabolic sensor in eukaryotic organisms and it plays an important role in regulating energy homeostasis, at both the cells and the whole organism. AMPK controls glucose and lipid metabolism by direct stimulation of enzymes or by long term stimulation of the gene expression of energy metabolism. Skeletal muscles significantly contribute to the total body weight and metabolic rate and to the maintenance of glucose homeostasis. Due to the ability of the muscle to increase energy expenditure to 95% of whole-body energy expenditure, could be the proper development and programming of metabolism in the early postnatal period crucial for the further development of the organism in adulthood. Early postnatal development leads to substantial changes in energy requirements of the body and this suggests the significant involvement of AMPK in this period. The aim of this thesis was to study the activity and expression of isoforms of the catalytic subunit of AMPK in skeletal muscle during early postnatal development of both mouse strains A/J and C57BL/6 that differ in the development of diet-induced obesity. The next task was to analyze the expression of selected genes involved in energy metabolism - GLUT4, PGC-1α and UCP3 that AMPK regulates. It was found that the...
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The role of protein kinase C in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and its complications
Marková, Irena ; Novák, František (advisor) ; Zeman, Miroslav (referee) ; Zídková, Jarmila (referee)
18 effects of TZDs are probably due to the remodeling of adipose tissue and increased adiponectin secretion. SUMMARY Studying the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and the role of PKC in insulin resistance In HHTg rats, elevated serum triglycerides and FFA were associated with the ectopic accumulation of triglycerides in tissues and reduced insulin sensitivity of peripheral tissues. Impaired glucose utilization in the peripheral tissues was associated with the reduced activity of GS in skeletal muscle. Decreased GS activity and glucose utilization in peripheral tissues indicate a possible defect in insulin signal transduction. In line with this, our results show that skeletal muscle IR was associated with the increased activation and translocation of PKC θ. Nutritionally induced obesity of HHTg rats resulted, in many cases, in the further deterioration of metabolic abnormalities associated with IR. We found that PKC θ, in particular, could contribute to the metabolic abnormalities associated with IR and obesity. The age-related increase in IR and deterioration of some parametres of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, were not associated, in HHTg rats, with obesity but with increased serum levels of triglycerides and FFA. The age-related worsening of IR in HHTg rats was accompanied by increased...
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Medical standing devices
Vadják, Šimon ; Ronzhina, Marina (referee) ; Kolářová, Jana (advisor)
This bachelor‘s thesis deals with patient verticalization and medical standing devices, which we use for this purpose. These findings are particularly important for rehabilitation and nursing care and also for the development of new standing devices. The bachelor‘s thesis describes the basic con¬cepts of human motor skills, the effect of changing position on the human organism, an overview of medical standing devices and their comparison. Thesis deals with comparison of the technical pa¬rameters of two standing devices more closely, standing device BALANCE Trainer and STOJ. The final part is devoted to measuring blood pressure using the noninvasive, continuous method of measuring at a group of wheelchair users during verticalization. I created a program with a graphical interface which allows measured data to load, display and measure, in numerical compu-ting environment MATLAB (version 7.9.0-R2009B). The results were statistically tested in the same numerical computing environment.
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