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Historical changes in species composition and interspecific hybridization of the Daphnia longispina species complex (Crustacea: Cladocera) in Lago Maggiore
Faktorová, Zuzana ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Wolinska, Justyna (referee)
Hybridizing species of the Daphnia longispina complex are key taxa in plankton communities of many European lakes. In several of these lakes, it has been documented that the taxonomic structure of the complex during the 20th century has substantially changed following human-mediated environmental changes, particularly eutrophication and re-oligotrophication and fish stock changes. We characterize these changes in Lago Maggiore (Italy/Switzerland), a southern pre-alpine lake, which also passed through the human-mediated environmental changes. Lago Maggiore is one of best and longest studied European lakes so a large number of historical Daphnia samples from regular monitoring are available. Because local Daphnia do not form dormant egg banks suitable for genetic analysis (being able to overwinter in the water column), we used a combination of morphology and geometric morphometrics (elliptic Fourier analysis) to evaluate the taxonomic and phenotypic changes in the Daphnia longispina complex in Lago Maggiore since the mid-20th century (1948-2012), and attampted to characterize the impact of environmental changes over the respective period on Daphnia body shape and size. Examination of Daphnia phenotype indicates indeed the prevailing presence of D. longispina (hyalina morph) in the 1940s, dominance of...
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The role of hybridization in animal evolution
Šárová, Markéta ; Reifová, Radka (advisor) ; Černá Bolfíková, Barbora (referee)
There is a growing number of studies showing that interspecific hybridization and gene introgression have a creative role in the evolution of animals. These studies emphasize that hybridization and a gene introgression represent an important source of a genetic variability. Within the process of adaptive introgression, adaptive traits may spread among species and help them to colonize new environments. Interspecific hybridization may also contribute to the emergence of new phenotypes and evolutionary novelties and thus contribute to adaptive radiations. Hybridization can be also a cause of parallel evolutions in many organisms. Another way how hybridization affects evolution is related to a speciation. Hybrid speciation could be one of ways how new species arise, and in this way increase the biodiversity. However in many cases the hybridization has an opposite impact on species richness and present a danger of species extinction by hybridization. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to explain and discuss the above described processes, introduces selected examples of animals related to these processes, and finally evaluate the role of interspecies hybridization in animal evolution. Key words: interspecific hybridization, adaptive introgression, adaptive radiation, parallel evolution, hybrid speciation
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Risk assessment of interspecific hybridization between endemic Campanula bohemica and widespread C. rotundifolia s.l.
Hanušová, Kateřina ; Suda, Jan (advisor) ; Krahulec, František (referee)
The thesis deals with phenotypic, ploidy and genetic variation of two Campanula species occurring in the Krkonoše Mts., namely the endemic C. bohemica and widespread C. rotundifolia subsp. rotundifolia. For comparative purposes subspecies sudetica of the latter species was also included. The main aim was to get insight into population structure and assess the threat of interspecific hybridization to the survival of the endemic bluebell. Flow cytometry, distance-based morphometrics and molecular analysis were used to address these questions. Three distinct groups of fluorescence intensities were revealed by flow cytometry, corresponding to DNA diploids, tetraploids and pentaploids. While diploids morphologically matched the nominate subspecies of C. rotundifolia, tetraploids corresponded either to C. rotundifolia subsp. sudetica or C. bohemica. Most populations from the Krkonoše Mts. were uniform although a sympatric growth of diploids and tetraploids was encountered in 12 populations. Only two pentaploids individuals, most likely of hybrid origin, were found, which indicated that interspecific hybridization is much less common than previously assumed. The two tetraploid taxa were distinguished by molecular markers. A combination of flow cytometry and molecular analyses thus allowed reliable...
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Assessing the threat of hybridization between Prunus fruticosa and cultivated Prunus species
Musilová, Lenka ; Vít, Petr (advisor) ; Chrtek, Jindřich (referee)
Presented thesis evaluates the risk of ongoing hybridization (antropohybridization) in highly endangered Prunus fruticosa in the Czech Republic and selected adjacent countries. Absolute genome size analysis (estimated by flow cytometry) combined with both numeric and geometric morphometrics were used for evaluation of hybridization. Prunus fruticosa frequently hybridize with naturalized Prunus cerasus (emerging tetraploid hybrid Prunus ×eminens) and native Prunus avium (forming triploid hybrid Prunus ×mohacsyana). Discrimination between P. ×eminens and P. ×mohacsyana is difficult, when using leaf morphology characters only, so the occurrence of triploid hybrids was strongly underestimated in the Czech Republic (only tetraploid hybrids were reported). Both hybrids are surely differentiated using flow cytometry analysis (based on different ploidy level). The majority of analyzed populations is formed by either individuals of pure P. fruticosa or one of the mentioned hybrids. Only four populations were mixed. Continuous variability in absolute genome size was found in two of them, which may indicate hybrid swarm forming (incl. primary hybrids and backcrosses). Our findings can be considered only as indirect evidence for introgression, which needs to be confirmed by molecular markers (for example...
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Hybridization of cattails Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia
Mašterová, Helena ; Fér, Tomáš (advisor) ; Mandák, Bohumil (referee)
This study investigates the hybridization of two species of cattails, Typha latifolia (Common Cattail) and T. angustifolia (Narrow-leaved Cattail) in the Czech Republic. The aim of this study was to determine, how often T. latifolia and T. angustifolia hybridize, whether hybridization is allowed by overlapping flowering time of these species and whether it is possible these species controlled cross in a culture. For detection of hybrid individuals were used microsatellite DNA markers, which allow to detect hybridization events and differentiate hybrids from the parental species. Molecular analysis revealed that hybridization of T. latifolia and T. angustifolia occurs in the Czech Republic, but it is not frequent. Of the 267 analyzed individuals, 130 individuals were pure species T. latifolia, 108 individuals pure species T. angustifolia and 29 individuals were hybrids. Of the hybrids, 23 were advanced hybrids, 5 were backcrosses and only one individual was F1 hybrid. Flowering time of T. latifolia and T. angustifolia overlaps, which allows hybridization, and flowering time to not act as a prezygotic reproductive isolation barrier and gametes T. latifolia and T. angustifolia can blend together. In controlled crosses the female spikes T. latifolia and T. angustifolia created seeds, but these were...
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Detailed taxonomic and clonal structure of the Daphnia longispina species complex on the longitudinal gradient of the Želivka Reservoir
Stodola, Jakub ; Petrusek, Adam (advisor) ; Vaníčková, Ivana (referee)
Canyon shaped reservoirs are characteristic by specific environmental horizontal gradients, so they enable existence of several species of the Daphnia longispina complex in one water body. Due to preference of distinct environmental conditions Daphnia species occurre in the different localities. The aim of my thesis was to analyze detail taxonomical and clonal structure of Daphnia longispina group by ten microsatellite markers on longitudinal gradient and compare it between two consecutive seasons. Simultaneously I received newly discovered divergent mitochondrial lineage from Želivka reservoir. It was confirmed, that the distribution of species and their hybrids in water reservoir was non-concidental and the taxonomic spatial distribution is in two consecutive seasons relatively constant. On the contrary the spatial and temporal distribution of clones was very heterogeneous. Clonal diversity in the interspecific hybrids was lower than in the coexisting parental species. This finding supports the hypothesis, that there exist reproductive barriers between parental genomes. Most of the clones were substantively variable, but several clones that occurred in both seasons in similar localities were found. It is possible that some clones are able of overwintering in hypolimnion and in the spring...
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Interspecific hybridization in birds: lessons for conservation
Štěpánková, Klára ; Reif, Jiří (advisor) ; Vokurková, Jana (referee)
Interspecific hybridization is quite common in recent years. Favorable factors are rarity of a species, limited time for partner selection, misdirected preference in mating partner selection of females, preference for males with more pronounced sexually selected traits, greater body size and habitat destruction. Factors which lead to the artificially interspecific hybridization due to habitat destruction include deforestation, fragmentation of the territory, urbanization, abandoning agricultural areas, as well as translocation of species into the regions where they did not originally occur. These species can later interbreed with the native species and if the latter are rare and the former aggressive, it can result in increased threat potentially leading to extinction of indigenous populations. Exceptionally, interbreeding can lead to the emergence of a new species; however, this type of origination of a new species is not common in animals. Hybridization is a natural phenomenon important for the evolution. Nevertheless, anthropogenically induced or assisted hybridization represents a serious problem for the species conservation. Finding a solution to overcome the negative impacts of such interspecific hybridization is difficult and there is no exact and universally applied methodology to date. Key...
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Interspecific hybridization in Acrocephalus warblers.
Majerová, Veronika ; Reifová, Radka (advisor) ; Kotlík, Petr (referee)
Acrocephalus warblers have gone through the adaptive radiation during last severalmillion years, which gave rise to thirty one species occupying mainly Eurasia,Africa and Australia. The majority of species are morphologically very similar,however, they differ in ecological requirements, migration strategy, and song.Interspecific hybridization seems to be quite common among Acrocephaluswarblers, not only between sister species, but also between more distantly relatedtaxa. The main goal of this study was to determine whether this hybridization leadsto gene flow between species and which factors affect the rate of interspecific geneflow. For this purpose we conducted population-genetic analysis in three Europeanspecies of the Acrocephalus warblers of the subgenus Notiocichla: reed warbler (A.scirpaceus), marsh warbler (A. palustris), and blyth's reed warbler (A. dumetorum).Our results based on the analysis of sequence data from eight nuclear loci indicate,that gene flow between the studied species occurs, but only in one direction. Thegene flow is higher between genetically more related species than betweenecologically more similar species. We also estimated that the reed warbler and themarsh warbler diverged approximately 1,1 million years ago. The blyth's warblerand ancestor of the reed and marsh warbler...
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Hybridisation dynamics of Typha latifolia a T. angustifolia - differences between Europe and North America
Mašterová, Helena ; Fér, Tomáš (advisor) ; Hroudová, Zdenka (referee)
Interspecific hybridization is a widespread phenomenon in plants that plays an important role in evolution. It can lead to the origin of new species and is considered to be the one of the processes involved in the creation of invassiveness. In North America there are two species of cattails, original and widely distributed species Typha latifolia (Common Cattail) and probably non-native and less distributed species T. angustifolia (Narrow-leaved Cattail). It is assumed that T. angustifolia was inadvertently introduced by the first Europeans on the east coast of the continent and then spread further west. The spreading was followed by extensive hybridization with T. latifolia, which resulted in production highly invasive hybrid T. ×glauca, which rapidly spread through the vegetative growth and creates a dense monotypic stands that displace the parental and original species. Both species occur in Europe, but it was never investigated, whether the extensive hybridization occurs in Europe.
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