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Environmentální a hospodářské efekty ekonomických nástrojů ochrany ŽP
Univerzita Karlova v Praze, Centrum pro otázky životního prostředí ; IREAS, Institut pro strukturální politiku, o.p.s., Praha ; Urban, Jan ; Ščasný, Milan ; Slavík, Jan ; Pavel, Jan ; Nevečeřalová, Iva ; Foltýnová, hana ; Brůha, Jan ; Jílková, Jiřina
Řešení projektu je rozděleno do čtyř hlavních částí (modulů). V prvním je provedena kategorizace nástrojů na ochranu životního prostředí a rešerše právních a jiných dokumentů mezinárodních organizací (ES, OECD), které se efektivností tržních nástrojů zabývají. Další část se soustřeďuje na domácnosti. Po teoretickém úvodu, kde jsou diskutovány přístupy k identifikaci faktorů, které ovlivňují spotřební chování domácností, jsou s pomocí ekonometrických metod odhadovány elasticity jednotlivých typů spotřebního zboží. Třetí část je zaměřena na kvantifikaci negativních externalit a je založena na metodice ExternE. Závěrečná čtvrtá část efektivnost tržních nástrojů poplatkového/daňového typu analyzuje z poněkud netradičního úhlu - z pohledu jejich administrativní náročnosti.
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Fiscal externalities
Michalcová, Gabriela ; Sedmihradská, Lucie (advisor) ; Pšurná, Pavla (referee)
Fiscal externalities bring benefits or costs to more units of public governments and they are caused by the activity of just one of them. Externalities are generally described in the first part of the thesis as well as the fiscal and tax externalities. The theoretical part of the thesis deals also with tax exporting and the tax competition. The end of this part is comprised by the relation among the municipalities, fiscal externalities and the property tax. The second part of the thesis is more analytical and includes own research using data primarily collected then the analysis and finally evaluation are made. The final chapter of the thesis is more focused on the individual tax bases of the property tax and possible tax exporting relating to these tax bases. This chapter also includes the foreign studies where the issue of tax exporting is discussed.
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Environmentally-Oriented Subsidy Programs in Czech Republic, with Example of Development and Support in Beekeeping
Zíková, Petra ; Hadrabová, Alena (advisor) ; Remtová, Květa (referee)
This thesis deals wiht the subsidies as a tool for solving positive externalities in the environmental field. The theoretical part explains the principle of externalities, and offers three variants of their solution - a system of taxes and subsidies, according to A.C. Pigou, the negotiation of compensation, according to R. Coase, and connected property. From these theoretical concepts are in reality to solve positive externalities mainly used subsidies. Selected subsidies programs for environmental protection are subject to the following analysis. Classic example of positive externality is considered pollination activity of bees. Therefore, the second half of thesis describes how this agricultural sector, beekeeping, depends on subsidies. This thesis proposes another solutions to develop and streamline the sector without the use of subsidies.
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Are the bees a Coasean lighthouse?
Hořánková, Kristýna ; Bartoň, Petr (advisor) ; Bolcha, Peter (referee)
The aim of this paper is to interpret the economical importance of keeping bees and to describe the externality they provide, as well as the externality formed by farmers. The issue will be introduced by outlining the solution to the reciprocal externality with the assistance of governmental intervention justified by A. C. Pigou and J. E. Meade. Secondly, It will be proved that Coase's Lighthouse Theory is the equivalent of Cheung's bees and that it is possible to remove the externality they create by the mechanism of the market. Furthermore, we will compare the development of governmental interventions in the Czech Republic and the US and prove -- by the pattern Muth and col. - the subsidies adversely affect the efficient elimination of the externalities struggled by the market. In the end, we will characterize pollination services in terms of the Czech market. The US market is much more extensive than the Czech market, but the latter seems to have the potential to remove the externality even in this particular situation.
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Are Czech bees Coase lighthouses?
Zehnalová, Simona ; Bartoň, Petr (advisor) ; Bolcha, Peter (referee)
Positive externalities which bees bring to society are undoubtable. What can we polemize about is the question how should be beekeeping assured. In Bohemia bees are protected by the state and given preference for centuries. Despite we cannot say that we would face over reproduction and apicultural boom. Are state intervention suggested by A.C. Pigou (1920) way to increase bee quantity? How much effective is the level of dotation and its redistribution at the present time? In the world we can observe states where propose market environment of S.N.S. Cheung (1973) is in operation and confirms the theory of Coase's lighthouses (1974) applicated to bee branch. Compared to bees are scare commodities in the Czech market. My work will deal with the above mentioned questions and comparison of present development in apiculture in the Czech Republic and in the world together with effectivity evaluation of Czech protectionism.
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