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Non-invasive Blood Glucose Measuring
Vítová, Hana ; Chmelař, Milan (referee) ; Sekora, Jiří (advisor)
Goal of my master´s thesis is examination of non-invasive blood glucose measurement methods, and designing of device for non-invasive blood glucose reading. The introductory chapter of thesis contains description of know different methods for blood glucose measurement, mainly Near Infra-Red region (NIR) measurement with spectroscopy methods. This project describes pathology of Diabetes Mellitus, specifies how it is divided, and looks also on human metabolism. The theoretical part contains exploration of blood glucose measurement methods. Thesis continues with system scheme design for non/invasive glucose measurement device, based on present knowledge. Major principle of device is measuring with Infra-Red laser, bifurcate optic fiber and photodiode. Design of printed circuit board is also present. Document contains also designs of software diagrams for calibration and processing program written in C# language. Communication between device and computer is made via USB. Microcontroller with C language program is part of designed device. It is used to send measured values into PC and also receives data from computer. This data determines blood glucose concentration and their thresholds.
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Electrochemical biosensor for glucose detection
Matula, Tomáš ; Majzlíková, Petra (referee) ; Prášek, Jan (advisor)
This thesis pays attention to electrochemical sensors for the detection of glucose. The theoretical part deals with the technology of thick film, their application and firing. It is further described electrochemistry, electrodes used in electrochemistry and analytical methods based on electrochemical reaction. End of theoretical part deals with electrochemical biosensors for detection glucose using special electrodes based on enzyme glucose oxidase. In the experimental part is processed amperometric measure for detection glucose using screenprinted sensors S10 and S8 with immobilized enzyme glucose oxidase. Next was studied effect of plasma, dissolved potassium chloride, storage, ascorbic acid and the reproducibility of the sensors.
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Influence of disinfectants on the content of lactic acid in the production of refined sugar
Novotná, Hedvika ; Skoumalová, Petra (referee) ; Horák, Radek (advisor)
The diploma thesis compares the effectiveness of disinfectants on the content of the lactic acid. The disinfectants used for the experimental part are formalin and BetaStab®. The content of glucose and lactic acid was observed and compared after processing conventional beet and bio-beet. Based on the analysis of the measured data, it was found that the highest disinfecting effect on the lactic acid content had formalin, the avearge lactic acid value was 275 mg/l. In experiment with BetaStab® disinfection the average value of the lactic acid was 350 mg/l. When the beet was processed without the use of disinfection, this average lactic acid was 371 mg/l and in the untreated treatment of the bio-beet, the lactic acid content was 467 mg/l. The glucose content of formalin disinfection diffusion juice reached an average of 573 mg/l. When BetaStab® disinfection was applied, the average glucose content was 348 mg/l and a similar value was measured for the bio-beet treatment (328 mg/l). The highest glucose content had untreated conventional beet, where an average value of 690 mg/l was reached.
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Accuracy of Personal Glucometers
Kroulíková, Markéta ; Němcová, Andrea (referee) ; Sekora, Jiří (advisor)
This thesis deals with accuracy measurement of personal glucometers. The theoretical part is focused on processing information about glucose and its role in organism, diabetes mellitus, procedures and devices used in self-monitoring of glucose. The next part is focused on preparation of practical part, especially describing available personal glucometer, testing its measuring accuracy, the calculation of necessary measurements to perform the experiment and a description of the reference sample for data measurement.
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Optimization of HPLC-ELSD method for determination of sugars in foods
Laba, Marija ; Pořízka, Jaromír (referee) ; Diviš, Pavel (advisor)
This master's thesis deals with the optimalization of HPLC-ELSD method for the determination of carbohydrates in food. The theoretical part focuses on the classification and characterization of carbohydrates, the occurrence of carbohydrates in food and their physiological importance. There was targeted mainly glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose. There is a brief summary of the analytical methods that can be used to determine carbohydrates. Experimental part is based on a literary review. It also deals with high performance liquid chromatography with evaporative light scattering detector. The main content in this part is the optimalization of condition for reliable and rapid separation of the most frequently occurring carbohydrates in foods. The carbohydrates were identified and quantified under optimum condition in real samples specifically in fruit juice, beer, ketchup and red pepper powder. The result is commented in conclusion.
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3D tisknuté sensory pro detekci cukru v nápojích
Zichová, Anežka
Sugars are one of the most common ingredients in food industry, due to their diverse usage as technological component as well as sweetening element. The issue of sugar utilization is not only topic of food industry but plays a key role in human nutrition at the same time. The intake of simple sugars from food, particularly from sweetened beverages, is a major concern from a nutritional standpoint. Carbohydrates can be detected in variety of ways. A literature review was conducted on the methods used in food science, which is based on the previous characterization of the most frequently used sugars in food industry like sucrose, maltose, glucose, fructose, inverted sugar, and glucose-fructose syrup. The chemical, technological and nutritional properties of carbohydrates were described. Considering this examination, 3D printed electrodes were designed for detection of sugar, namely glucose, in beverages. In consideration of the available literature, electrochemical enzymatic biosensors were designed, using glucose oxidase as the sensing element to detect glucose in beverages. The electrodes, carrying the enzyme, were printed from PLA and graphene based conductive filaments. The electrodes were activated in chemical and electrochemical way. To bind the enzyme, a technique based on cross-linking and immobilization was used. Chronoamperometry and cyclic voltammetry were used to test the biosensor. Afterwards the real sample of a fruit juice-based non-alcoholic beverage was examined. The results were interpreted in the context of the applicable legislation of the European Union and, likewise, the legislation of the Czech Republic, in regard to the required data on food labels.
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The role of orexins in food intake and chosen pathological phenomena
Zelená, Anna ; Sumová, Alena (advisor) ; Balounová, Kateřina (referee)
Orexins are neuropeptides produced in the lateral hypothalamus in the brain and peripheral organs. These neuropeptides are essential in regulating arousal and energy balance. They also participate in the reward system and secure water homeostasis. Orexins bind to the orexin receptors differently expressed in various tissues. The binding of orexins to their receptors couples with downstream signalling pathways, e.g., Ca2+ , diacylglycerol and protein kinase C pathways. Low concentration of adenosine triphosphate leads to the inactivation of orexin-expressing neurons and the reduction of energy expenditure. On the contrary, high intracellular concertation of adenosine triphosphate activates energy expenditure. Food intake is regulated by orexins and glucose, sirtuin 1, forkhead box transcription factor 2, and leptin. This thesis aims to find connections between the role of orexins in regulating food intake and the development of some pathological phenomena, e.g., hypertension, obesity, and anorexia nervosa. Keywords orexin, obesity, anorexia nervosa, glucose, insulin, stress
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The development of reliable method for glucosylation and lactosylation of sphingolipids
Hošek, Adam ; Opálka, Lukáš (advisor) ; Karabanovich, Galina (referee)
Title of the master thesis: The development of reliable method for glucosylation and lactosylation of sphingolipids Candidate: Adam Hošek Supervisor: PharmDr. Lukáš Opálka, Ph.D. Consultant: Dr. Georgios Paraskevopoulos, Ph.D. Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Skin Barrier Research Group, Department of Organic and Bioorganic Chemistry Ceramides are hydrophobic sphingolipids consisting of a sphingoid base and an acyl chain. They are found in the stratum corneum, the uppermost layer of the epidermis, where they are important part of the skin barrier, but they can also be found in brain tissue and inside human cells. Glucosylceramides are the simplest glycosphingolipids, and they contain a single glucose molecule in their structure. They are found in all types of human cells, where they not only serve as precursors for the biosynthesis of other, more complex glycosphingolipids, but also have their own physiological functions. The most significant is their influence on cell growth, development, differentiation and apoptosis. Disruptions in their synthesis or degradation can lead to serious health problems and are also a risk factor for the future development of a wide range of diseases. Their total absence in the body is incompatible with life. A more thorough study of their...
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On-line derivatization of saccharides in capillary electrophoresis
Mareš, Vít ; Křížek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Coufal, Pavel (referee)
Saccharides chains may suffer from various inaccuracies during their biosy- thesis, that effects their biologic functions. Therefore, they can be used for dia- gnosis of some diseases or quality control in biopharmaceutics. Capillary electro- phoresis has its place in diagnosing these occuring errors. In this thesis a method of on-line derivatization of saccharides in fused-silica capillary with 50 cm in lenght and 50 µm in inner diameter was developed. Gluco- se was used as a model molecule, which was labeled by a fluorescent derivatization reagent, 7-aminonaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. Derivatization of glucose and its separation needed optimalization. First was determined an electrophoretic mo- bility of the derivatization reagent in 0.5; 1.0 and 2.5M acetic acid and 20mM phosphate buffer (pH = 3.5). Both, 2.5M acetic acid and 20mM phosphate buffer, were tested as solvents for 7-aminonaphthalene-1,3-disulfonic acid. The reaction with glucose was the best in acetic acid solution. On the contrary, phosphate buf- fer was found to be the best background electrolyte for the separation. Derivatized glucose was detected by UV detector at 229 nm. Henceforth, the reaction con- ditions were adjusted such as reaction time, voltage and time of its application. Input voltage was applied negative due to the...
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