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Shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia.
Brzobohatá, Hana
The aim of this study was to detect and describe the trends in shape variability of proximal and distal human tibia related to sex, age, social status and time period. The variability of its shape and form was analysed first in an early medieval sample, then in two modern populations, an early 20th century sample and the contemporary Czech population. Finally, data from the whole studied time span were analysed. The initial raw data were acquired by optical scanning and computed tomography (CT) scanning of the lower limbs; the three-dimensional bone surfaces of the contemporary tibias were segmented from the clinical CT scan sequences. Geometric morphometrics and multivariate statistical methods were applied to study the variations in shape and form quantitatively. Proximal and distal tibias were evaluated independently, and the potential influence of sex, age at death and time period were investigated. In the early medieval population, we also explored the relationship between tibial morphology and presumed social status derived from the respective grave location within the settlement. Because traditional morphometric analysis revealed statistically significant sex differences in the parameters of both tibial extremities (e.g., Steyn and Işcan, 1997; Šlaus et al., 2013), we thus assumed the...
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Changes of the facial skeleton in Central Europe during the last 1200 years
Bejdová, Šárka
The objective of the Dissertation was to describe, quantify and interpret to which degree the shape and size of the facial skeleton of people living in the territory of today's Czech Republic in the period from the Early Middle Ages to the present day, i.e. in the course of the approx. last 1200 years, have changed. In this time period, morphological differences between populations, changes in the sexual dimorphism, modularity and allometry of the facial skeleton were examined. The evaluation was based on CT-images of skulls from three historical populations, specifically from the Early Middle Ages, High Middle Ages and the early modern period. The current population was represented by CT-images of living people. We studied the facial skeletons of a total of 329 individuals, of which 183 were men and 146 women. The CT- images were used as a base for the creation of virtual 3D surface models. The facial skeleton was divided into three morphological units, which were further examined. These were the skeleton of the upper face, lower jaw and palate. The statistical processing was carried out applying methods of geometric morphometrics allowing the separate studying of the shape and size variability of the examined units. When comparing the size and shape differences between studied populations it is...
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Diversity and distribution of the Euastrum humerosum / didelta (Desmidiales) species complex
Kupčíková, Eva ; Šťastný, Jan (advisor) ; Kollár, Jan (referee)
From 23 European and North American strains Euastrum humerosum/didelta species complex (Desmidiales) I have obtained 3 lineages in molecular marker trnGucc group II intron. I did not acquire significant and homogenous results in SSU intron. It is probable that the lineages of trnGucc intron are very young. SEM revealed one central pore in cell wall and five bulges. The lineages were significantly different in their shape and dimensions. The lineages differentiated mainly in their length and breadth of the cells. The lineages inside morphotype E. humerosum differentiated in shape and dimensions of the polar lobe. The lineages inside morphotype E.didelta differentiated in shape and dimensions of the neck. That was ascertained using the geometric morphometrics with the measuring. Linear discriminant analysis of the desmids from literature revealed that is possible to partly discriminate groups of the varieties (E. humerosum var. parallelum and E. didelta in lineage A; two formae E. didelta f. val Piora and E. didelta f. latior in lineage B; E. didelta var. inermiforme and E. humerosum var. affine in lineage C). Key words: desmids, species, hidden diversity, molecular phylogenetics, geometric morphometrics, Euastrum, scanning electron microscopy
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Facial approximation: An assessment of the principles of the method and analysis of the craniofacial relationships
Zedníková Malá, Pavla ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Beňuš, Radoslav (referee) ; Krásničanová, Hana (referee)
This doctoral thesis is submitted in the form of scientific publications together with theoretical introduction. The present state of knowledge of facial approximation methods is presented in the introduction. Areas of application, principles of the method and classification of the methods according to medium used are briefly described. Accuracy and limits of the method are further described as they form a base of the research of this thesis. Simultaneous existence of multiple prediction guidelines, of which the accuracy is not known or published, is typical characteristic of the facial approximation method. The aim of this thesis was to assess the accuracy of the particular prediction rules for estimation of position and size of facial parts (eyes, nose, lips), and based on the results to recommend the most accurate and suitable guidelines for middle European population. An assessment of the strength of the association between craniofacial shape and the shape of soft tissues in the profile using geometric morphometric methods, and determination of the extent to which it might be possible to predict the latter from the former were the purpose of the second part of the research. Material for this study consisted of 87 lateral head cephalograms of a recent adult Central European population (52 males...
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Diversity and distribution of the Euastrum humerosum / didelta (Desmidiales) species complex
Kupčíková, Eva ; Šťastný, Jan (advisor) ; Kollár, Jan (referee)
From 23 European and North American strains Euastrum humerosum/didelta species complex (Desmidiales) we have obtained 3 lineages in molecular marker trnGuuc group II intron. We did not acquire significant and homogenous results in SSU intron. It is probable that the lineages are very young. The lineages were significantly different in their shape and dimensions. We used the geometric morphometrics with the measuring of the lengths and breath of the semicells, isthmus and their ratios. The lineages differentiated in their dimensions and shape variable polar lobes and neck. SEM revealed the one central pore in cell wall on the contrary, with variant E. didelta var. bengalicum, which has two pores according the literature records. Key words: desmids, species, hidden diversity, molecular phylogenetics, geometric morphometrics, Euastrum, scanning electron microscopy
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Social interactions and morphometric analysis of populations of Blue-Tongued Skink (Tiliqua gigas)
Jachnická, Kristýna ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Rehák, Ivan (referee)
A Blue-tongued skink ( Tiliqua gigas) is a rare exotic species which is very popular between breeders. Nevertheless, the social structure of this charismatic skink remains almost unknown. Because of its high aggressive- ness and difficulties connected with study in its natural habitat, experiments based on the odor discrimination looks like a good alternative for its bet- ter understanding. Our results revealed that the reaction on the odor is generally poor and is very individual. We observed the highest response of interest on odors produced throught dorsal parts of skin. The reaction on conspecific's odor did not lead to escape behavior. Behavioral analysis was complemented by morphological analysis of heads in T. gigas and T.scincoides. These species are divided into separate subspecies, which are formed by geographically distinct populations. We wondered whether it is possible to separate these populations by geometric morphometrics and whether this separation is consistent with phylogenetic studies. We found out that if the populations are united in bigger groups based on their congeniality they seem to be distinct according to the head shape. Our results also revealed the monomorphy in head shape. Unfortu- nately, it is very difficult to distinguish between sexes due to the absence of sexual dimorphism....
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Are there any temperature related changes in morphological integration of Micrasterias cells?
Buchtová, Edith ; Neustupa, Jiří (advisor) ; Kleisner, Karel (referee)
Micrasterias rotata is a phylogenetically and morphologically well defined species that is widely distributed in Central Europe in a broad temperature gradient. For its complex cell shape Micrasterias rotata is a suitable model organism for cell morphogenesis research. This thesis investigated whether there could be a different pattern in morphological integration resulting from the temperature stress in Micrasterias rotata cells cultivated on a temperature gradient. The optimum and a limits of growth on the temperature gradient were related to the sampling locations of the studied strains isolated from a lowland wetland and an high alpine lake. Differences in the growth rates among the strains suggested a local adaptation to the climatic conditions of the original locations but relatively high values of the assumed optimum growth temperature suggested an intra- species evolutionary adaptation. The temperature-related size reduction rule was not confirmed; however, a similar pattern of variation in shape occurred in both strains. The morphological integration analysis has basically confirmed that the Micrasterias cell is composed of a number of morphological modules related to its differentiation into the lobes and sublobes. Integration between the lobes of the opposite semicell was primarily...
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Sex classification using external and internal morphology of frontal bone: application in forensic science and bioarcheology
Čechová, Markéta ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Bigoni, Lucie (referee)
This master's work was focused on the assessment of sexual dimorphism of external and internal morphology of frontal bone. Sexual diagnosis based on external surface of frontal bones and volume and surface of frontal sinuses was carried out using geometric morphometrics methods. Our approach used anonimized CT scans of 103 skulls from recent Czech population, from which 3D models of frontal bones and frontal sinuses were created. At first the analysis was aimed at studying form and shape of external surface of frontal bone. Our methodology is based on the work of Musilová et al. (2016) that estimates sex using exocranial surface of the entire skull. We analyzed variability and tested differences in males and females frontal bones. The main target of this work was sex classification. The highest success rate acquired 86,41 % with the first 20 main components of form. The following part of this study was focused on sex estimation using the methodology developed by Bulut et al. (2016), which was applied in Turkish population. This method classified Czech males and females with accuracy 70,87 %. In order to complete sex determination based on the frontal bone we also used classification of the radius of the frontal bone curvature with success rate of 77,66 %. The attention was also paid to studying...
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Morphological changes of adult human face during aging
Čiháková, Lucie ; Velemínská, Jana (advisor) ; Blažek, Vladimír (referee)
Processes of biological changes of organism over time distinctly manifest themselves in a face morphology. The present study age changes are observed as shape and size changes of transversal dates of surface 3D virtual models of faces of 443 women and men (22-88 years old) devided into six age groups in decade. Differences in faces among each age group with respect to the sex were investigated and a sexual dimorphism and its gradual progress with the age using methods of geometric morphometrics (coherent point drift - dense correspondence algorithm, principal component analysis, per vertex t-test, shell-to-shell deviation). A significant difference among age categories was observedd both in shape as well as in form of the face. The faces of women and men were becoming wider with age and convexity was decreasing at the same time. A decline of the whole forehead and of the profile of the men's nose was observed, whereas the women's foreheadwas getting bevel due to the decline of the top part and a profile of the nose wasn't changed with the age. On contrary, the men's chin was unvarying with the age, while the women's chin was sliding out foward. There was observed a distinct decline in the front part of a upper jaw with the both sex. It was found out that after the seventh life decade the face gets...
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Correspondence Problem in Geometrics Morphometric Tasks
Krajíček, Václav ; Pelikán, Josef (advisor) ; Kosinka, Jiří (referee) ; Sochor, Jiří (referee)
Title: Correspondence Problem in Geometric Morphometrics Tasks Author: Václav Krajíček Department / Institute: Department of Software and Computer Science Education Supervisor of the doctoral thesis: RNDr. Josef Pelikán Supervisor's e-mail address: pepca@cgg.mff.cuni.cz Abstract: Shape analysis in physical anthropology, biomedicine, and related disci- plines is mostly done using landmarks or by measuring distances. New techno- logical advancements allow the digitization of object's appearance in the form of triangular meshes or volume images. These digital images are especially beneficial in the cases when landmarks cannot be used to effectively describe the shape. In order to statistically analyze shape in a sample of observations, which are represented by these modalities, correspondence has to be found. Registration is a crucial tool in mapping the shape representations into a common space where correspondence is found by nearest neighbor principle in the case of triangular meshes or by overlaps in the case of volume images. B- spline based non-rigid registration is chosen because of its versatility, relative speed and ability to handle both meshes and volume images. Experiments were also performed with other alternatives - Thin-plate splines and Coherent point drift. The algorithm was modified to handle...
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