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Social Processes and Personality 2005
Blatný, Marek ; Vobořil, Dalibor ; Květon, Petr ; Jelínek, Martin ; Sobotková, Veronika
The VIII th “Social Processes and Personality” conference was devoted to the memory of Prof. Liduška Osecká, the eminent methodologist within the Czech and Slovak psychology and the former director (1993-1999) of the Institute of Psychology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, who would reached her 60th September 6, 2005. Within the traditional topic of the conference - basic and applied research in personality and social psychology - the conference’s main theme was the research methodology in psychology. Seventy-eight contributions (35 oral presentations and 43 posters) were presented at the conference, their substantial part is included in this conference anthology.
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Tachistoscopic experiments – the past and the future of tachistopical experiments
Vobořil, Dalibor ; Květon, Petr ; Jelínek, Martin
Tachistoscope has been one of the crucial instruments of the experimental psychology since its early times. This instrument is still in use in recent times, e.g. in the area of subliminal perception studies. The tachistoscopes have been evolving since the first experiments; nowadays, researchers do not use a single-purpose instrument to present the stimuli; they employ a personal computer with a monitor screen as a display unit. Two common technologies currently used at monitor screens - CRT and LCD - have different technical parameters (e.g. decay/refresh characteristics). The aim of our study is to explore whether the different parameters of the tachistoscopic instruments influence the resulting data, i.e. whether they cause an unsystematic measurement error. The results of the comparison of four types of tachistoscopic presentation will be presented in the paper. Two original mechanical tachistoscopes (Wundt-style tachistoscope, a tachistoscope with a photographic shutter) and two modern displays (CRT and LCD screens) are included in our experiment.
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It depends on what "consious" means: Methodology of unconscious perception research
Špok, Dalibor
Research on unconscious cognitive processes has been a controversial topic since the foundation of experimental psychology. However, we cannot consider it a psychological relict, but developing realm of research, with ongoing conceptual and methodological progress. This paper chiefly presents methodological approaches having been developed mainly since 1980’s and thus illustrates not only vivacity of contemporary research but also interrelatedness of methodological changes with conceptual frameworks. It shows that it is necessary to change our traditional view of some psycholocial categories, such as perceptual thresholds or conscious-unconscious distinction.
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Less is sometime more also in the experimental research of visual space perception
Šikl, Radovan ; Šimeček, Michal ; Vobořil, Dalibor
In the methodological study, the authors propose the classification of the tasks used in the experimental research of visual space perception. Each task has its advantages and limitations. It concerns with the requirements posed on the observers, the level of quantification of the data, the ecological validity of findings, and the danger of the infiltration of judgments by the artifacts. The authors propose to distinguish the metric (exact, euclidean) from the nonmetric (up to ordinal) tasks. All of the differences will be demonstrated on the specific experimental designs.
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Relation of antisocial behavior of adolescents to school environment
Sobotková, Veronika ; Blatný, Marek ; Hrdlička, M. ; Jelínek, Martin ; Květon, Petr ; Vobořil, Dalibor ; Urbánek, Tomáš
The study deals with relation between antisocial behavior in adolescence and school environment. The Social and Health Assessment (SAHA), a school survey, was administered to a nationwide sample of 4,980 adolescents in three age cohorts (12, 14, and 16 years) in Prague and 12 regional capitals of the Czech Republic. In present study we focus on cohorts of 12 and 14 years old adolescents (N = 3023). K-means cluster analysis on the items of Antisocial Behavior Scale was used to identify the main clusters of antisocial behavior. Four major clusters of children were identified. Subsequently, adolescents from different clusters were compared on the levels of their attachment to school, school climate, perceived support from teachers and general motivation to study. As we expected, adolescents from the cluster with high rate of antisocial behaviors perceive the school environment as the most negative.
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Smoking of cigarettes in adolescence and its relations
Květon, Petr ; Jelínek, Martin ; Vobořil, Dalibor ; Balaštíková, Veronika
In the presented study, 3 types of respondents were identified according to the frequency of smoking cigarettes: smokers, non smokers, and occasional smokers. It was found that they differ in the type of attended school and also in school motivation, but not in proportion of males and females. When considering parental styles, smokers were characterized by low consistency, warmness, and involvement. Parental control was not found to be important. Smoking of cigarettes is related to alcohol, marijuana, and other substances use. Interestingly enough, most of the cigarettes smokers (81%) were found to be also repetitive users of marijuana
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Quality of life in relation to normality and pathology
Řehulka, Evžen ; Řehulková, Oliva
Today, the quality of life is getting quite a frequent attention from researchers. While studying the quality of life in relation to normality and pathology, we usually find quantitative differences. We have also tried to establish the differences in quality, characterized by a greater degree of orientation towards the future in the sick, a smaller ability to describe the quality of life, low levels of self-criticism and self-confidence, passiveness and dissatisfaction
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