|
Language and Institiution
Kučerová, Barbora ; Pokorný, Martin (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
(in English): The aim of this thesis is to clarify the normative character of language, that is, how we are bound by a certain set of rules in every speech. We will look into this normative character of language by articulating two essential questions: in what is this normativity grounded and which aspects constitute language as an institution. In the first part of the paper we interpret the work of three authors, Ferdinand de Saussure, Charles S. Peirce and Pierre Bourdieu, in order to answer the question on what the normative character of language is founded. In this part we mainly look into the relationship between language and social consensus, habit/acting and institutions. In the second part of the paper we give a definition of language institution which is inspired by the work of Peirce and Bourdieu. Further on we clarify in systematic way those aspects of language which can be considered as normative. Firstly, we point out those which are clearly part of language, such as lexicon, pronunciation and intonation, official language and institution symbolized by language. The last aspects that we will analyse are speech genres, belief, habit/acting and power.
|
|
Spinoza's Concept of the Individual
Petříček, Jan ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of the proposed thesis is a partial reconstruction of Spinoza's theory of the individual. This theory can be found in Spinoza's Ethics and consists of three components: namely, Spinoza's doctrines of singular essences, of physical individuals and of conatus. In this thesis, we focus on the doctrine of conatus; however, since the three conceptions are tightly connected, the doctrines of physical individuals and of singular essences will be briefly touched upon as well. The starting point of our thesis is the following problem: Spinoza simultaneously uses multiple terms to designate conatus - and those terms seem, at least at the first sight, to have very different meanings. Specifically speaking, Spinoza identifies conatus with "power of acting", "force of existing" and "actual essence". First, we present a brief explanation of meanings of those terms and subsequently we attempt to reconcile them. In order to be able to do so, we expound Spinoza's doctrine of essences in more detail; afterwards we show that the aforementioned terms can indeed be reconciled if conatus is understood as force by which an essence produces its necessary properties. In the next step, however, we discover that this conception of conatus is not yet wholly adequate, because it disregards the fact that an essence can...
|
|
Appearing and Salvation. Subjectivity in The Material Phenomenology of Michel Henry
Černý, Jan ; Novotný, Karel (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee) ; Karul, Róbert (referee)
The doctoral thesis examines the possibilities of phenomenological philosophy to engage in the question of salvation in a Christian sense with reference to Michel Henry's material phenomenology. Henry's last three books signified a turn towards Christianity within his work and related the tension of two basic modes of appearing, assumed by his phenomenology, to the question of the life and death of a human. Material phenomenology strongly exposed the subjective pole of appearing and made subjectivity the stage for the story of human salvation. The thesis examines both the general concept of subjectivity in material phenomenology and the particular concept of a divine and human subject in the last three books of Michel Henry. The thesis follows the way Michel Henry creates the phenomenology of the inner- divine life; it examines the movement of a human subject from the inside of the divine life to the transcendence of the world, and then its return through the "second birth" to the divine life being displayed within itself; it enquires in what sense the divine and human subject are incarnated subjects; it demonstrates how the human subject is becoming a subject understanding the word of a divine life which speaks both within itself and in the Scripture. The thesis pays attention to the relation of a...
|
|
Instrumentality of knowledge: instrumentalism in philosophy of scienc
Cvek, Boris ; Peregrin, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kolman, Vojtěch (referee) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
Richard Rorty's main thesis in his work Philosphy and the Mirror of Nature centers on a critique of representationalism in a fundamentally relativistic way. The aim of this disseration is to grasp Rorty's ideas in broader sense as a critique of inadequate interpretation of knowing- that and shift the attention to knowing-how as a key to new understanding the success of natural sciences. The fact that something is reproducibly possible for us to make in the surrounding world is not relative, and it is precisely in this way that technology (knowing- how) spreads so successfully even at multi-cultural level. In contrast, the explanatory function (knowing-that) of the natural sciences is relative, making sense only in the context of what is already known and accepted. Natural sciences are so successful because their experiments and only then take agreement of hypothesis with experimental practice (knowing-how) as the criterion of its acceptability. This dissertation offers, as a way out of Rortian relativism, the concept of "open authority" and proposes a new development in philosophic pragmatism based on it.
|
|
Sverge - A Flexible Tool for Comparing & Merging
Švec, Ondřej ; Ježek, Pavel (advisor) ; Beneš, Jan (referee)
2 Title: Sverge - A Flexible Tool for Comparing & Merging Author: Ondřej Švec (sverge@svecon.cz) Department: Department of Distributed and Dependable Systems Supervisor of the bachelor thesis: Mgr. Pavel Ježek, Ph.D., Department of Distributed and Dependable Systems (jezek@d3s.mff.cuni.cz) Abstract: Developers, who work on larger projects, are using revision control systems, which usually does not have a built-in tool for visualising differences between directories and individual files or they only offer a console interface. Even though there are numerous tools for visualising the differences, none of these tools are modular, so that a visualisation for a different file types can be added. A tool called Sverge that is modular and pluginable was created, it can visualise differences between directories and text files by default and more visualisations can easily be added. The tool was created using C# programming language, it can natively run on Microsoft Windows operating system and it can easily be integrated with popular revision control systems. Keywords: visualisation, differences, 2-way, 3-way, files, directories, modular, extensible
|
|
Integration of Turkey into the European Union
Švec, Ondřej ; Glazar, Ondřej (advisor) ; Dingová, Vilma (referee)
Integration into the European Union is a chance for candidate countries to catch up with the average income level in the current member states. This study shows economic impact of Turkey's membership on foreign trade between EU countries and Turkey and also shows impact on EU budget. To gauge the effect of Turkey's accession the gravity model of trade was used. It has been estimated that the trade effect of membership implies 60% increase in trade volume. The dynamic model find out that shared EU membership could lead to 5% increase in trade every year for next ten years and it could represent 1% annual growth rate of Turkey's GDP. Economic impact of growth in EU exports to Turkey will be rather small, more important for current EU members are consequences of Turkey's integration on EU budget. The estimated cost of subsidies for Turkey lies between 0.09% and 0.23% of EU's GDP assuming current financial framework. The total subsidies will amount up to 5.5% of Turkish GDP. These results suggest that EU membership, particularly its effect on trade and EU budget, could lead to large economic gains for the new member states with some costs for current EU members.
|
|
A man in becoming-mad of the world (The conception of a man by early Deleuze)
Prášek, Petr ; Petříček, Miroslav (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The philosophy of early Deleuze is the main subject of this dissertation. Concretely, it will be treated with regard to distinctive and singular individuation of a man: this essay tries to present his relationship to the ultimate horizon of Being in Deleuze's work. The first chapter constitutes a starting point which can be determined in criticism of the image of thought, closely related with Deleuze's transcendental empiricism. The second chapter is devoted to its culmination, to the metaphysical description of the virtual field of Ideas, of transcendental conditions of our experience. The next chapter shows how Ideas condition, that Ideas actualise themselves insofar as something develops itself within its intensive field of individuation. The fourth chapter takes us back to our starting point: it concerns a phenomenon, this time sufficiently explained, and we are again obliged to confront us with the image of thought which covers this explanation. This is the reason why our interpretation has to continue. The description of distinctive and singular individuation of a man wants to explain the way by which the image of thought, based on common sense, is established. Even though our experience is constructed on this image, there are still some "small islands" of difference, places where the virtual...
|
|
Does consciousness exhaust the nature of thought? The meaning of Descartes's term "cogitare"
Sedláková, Jana ; Palkoska, Jan (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to deal with the problems which arise from interpretations of Descartes' term "cogitare". It concentrates on the deconstruction of the orthodox interpretations which explain the term "cogitare" as "to be conscious". The thesis aims at introducing three alternative interpretations from Czech academic environment, the one of James Hill, of Petr Glombíček, and of Tomáš Marvan. I would like to refer to the problems of orthodox reading as well as to benefits and losses of the other interpretations. I will proceed through analysis of sensory perceptions, emotions and dream. The purpose of the thesis is not to find the definite meaning of "cogitare", but to make the readers familiar with these problems and their interpretations which I find more plausible than the orthodox interpretation. The term "consciousness" is a complex term which needs to be explained in order to be capable of explaining other philosophical problems. Keywords: Descartes, thinking, consciousness, sensory perceptions, emotions, dream, self-reflection, judgment, propositional content
|
|
Subjective body and life. An Essay on the way of thinking of Michel Henry
Jiskra, Martin ; Novotný, Karel (advisor) ; Švec, Ondřej (referee)
v anglickém jazyce: The fundamental theme of this diploma paper is the phenomenology of the body which is related to the investigation of the act of the appearing itself in the works of the French philosopher Michel Henry. The phenomenological approach of this thinker is going to be defined primarily by the confrontation with intentional phenomenology of Edmund Husserl, which in the matter of the appearance keeps itself within the bounds of the relation to the world. This classical version of the phenomenology will be compared with Henrys phenomenology of the life. The life which is understood in such a manner is invisible or unapparent because it is radically immanent and never appears in the exteriority of the world. Anyhow, the redefinition of the classical conception of the appearance should make possible access to the most important and the most interesting thing for us that is to say to subjective or transcendental body, which appears and experiences itself directly in its affective self- experience of the invisible interiority. Therefore, the subjective body is going to be described upon these grounds together with Henry as immanent being that is at the same time appearance. Thus we are going to present philosophy of Michel Henry, which is called radical phenomenology of interiority that is...
|
| |