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Active Listening in Long-Term Relationship
Teclová, Michaela ; Kalousová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Štěrbová, Zuzana (referee)
Active listening is an often mentioned concept nowadays. However, there is no consensus in the available literature as to its definition, nor is there a unified view of its role in long-term partner relationships. This paper presents in its first part a review of di↵erent approaches to the concept of active listening. It is evident here that there is not always an exact consensus across the literature and some authors often define the concept in their own way. However, most definitions contain several common elements, namely, firstly, communication of non-verbal engagement and immediacy, secondly, paraphrasing of the speaker's speech and thirdly, asking questions or sentences that encourage the speaker to elaborate further on their message or express their feelings. Emphasis is also placed on showing empathy and acceptance not only of the speaker's verbal but also of his/her non-verbal expressions. In the next sections, through the speci- fication of long-term partner relationships, the paper gets to compare studies aimed at assessing the impact of active listening on long-term partner relati- onships. When it comes to partner conflict, the authors of the articles disagree in their conclusions and it would be necessary to replicate the original research or conduct new research. The use of active listening...
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Factors associated with discrepancy between self-rated and other-rated attractiveness
Benešová, Dominika ; Štěrbová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Třebický, Vít (referee)
Self-rated attractiveness plays an important role in person's well-being or mate choice. In some individuals, their self-rating doesn't match how they are rated by others, which can be a sign of their overrating or underrating. This bachelor thesis presents mechanisms, which can lead to the discrepancy between self-rated and other-rated attractiveness as well as individual factors which moderate the degree of this discrepancy. Theoretical introduction firstly describes general mechanisms which lead to the discrepancy in self- rating on the level of motivation, cognition and emotions. Then it presents biases that emerge in own body perception. Subsequently, it summarises the findings of previous research on the discrepancy between self-rated and other-rated attractiveness. The last part focuses on psychological factors, that can be associated with different degrees of this discrepancy. This thesis also contains a research proposal that builds on the theoretical introduction and its main aim is to test hypotheses about the role of presented individual factors (self-esteem, narcissism, body dissatisfaction) in the degree of discrepancy between self-rated and other-rated attractiveness. Empirical evidence explaining the origin of this discrepancy is currently very limited. Therefore, possible new...
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Assortative mating in humans.
Štěrbová, Zuzana ; Weiss, Petr (advisor) ; Lindová, Jitka (referee) ; Špinka, Marek (referee)
Human mate choice is far from random. Assortative mating can be either positive (homogamy), when people prefer and choose partners with self-similar characteristics, or negative (heterogamy, complementarity), when people prefer self-dissimilar partners. Over one hundred years of research, it has been shown that people generally couple based on the principle of homogamy. This thesis seeks to address the following two goals. First, it critically reviews the current state of knowledge in positive assortative mating (in particular, empirical support, factors affecting homogamy, mechanisms of homogamy, relationship and genetic impact of homogamy, and methodological pitfalls of research). This section includes theoretical papers deal with further mechanisms of assortative mating (homogamy, imprinting-like effect, heterogamy, complementarity). Second, the thesis provides further test of assortative mating in 'ideal partners' (preferences) and actual partners, in the context of sex, sexual orientation (heterosexual and non-heterosexual), and population (Brazil and Czech Republic). Results of these studies show that the principle of homogamy is valid irrespective of sex and population. However, they find a stronger tendency for homogamy in actual partners among heterosexuals than in homosexuals, although...
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The influence of step family on human personality
Chrenová, Karolína ; Kuba, Radim (advisor) ; Štěrbová, Zuzana (referee)
This thesis focuses on dynamics in blended and stepfamilies. The work focuses on relationships between their members and provides a basic insight into its ways of influence on human personality. Theories from evolutionary biology are also introduced, with focus on the issue of parental care and sibling rivalry. These theories provide inside on possible evolutionary causes and explanations of conflicts between family members. The thesis pursues general characteristic of all family members and its dynamics, including findings of psychologists and confrontates it with results of experimental studies. This work seeks a more comprehensive view of the family system with a focus not only on the relationship between the stepchild and stepparents, but also on the relationship with other family members, such as half-siblings and grandparents. The results are discused with focus on how the quality of these relationships influences personality development, marital and partner life of the individual and his learning abilities. Key words family, blended family, stepfamily, stepfather, stepmother, stepsiblings, half-siblings, grandparents, parental care, personality, partnership, marriage, sibling rivalry, evolutionary psychology
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Imprinting-like effect and homogamy in temperament
Dachsová, Kristýna ; Štěrbová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Lindová, Jitka (referee)
In addition to a principle of homogamy (self-similarity), an imprinting-like effect (similarity between partner and parent of the opposite sex) is also applied in a mate choice. Similarity was found in a number of characteristics between parents and partners as well as between partners themselves (eg age, facial traits or personality traits). The main goal of this study was to test whether people choose their partner on the basic of self-similarity and/or similarity with their parent of the opposite sex in temperament. We also focused on temperament influence in partner and sexual satisfaction. At the same time, we tested how temperament (measured by the questionnaire) is related to its behavioral marker (psychomotor style) and physical markers (body height, body weight, BMI). A total of 91 respondents (48 women and 43 men) with their partners and parents of the opposite sex took part in this study. Respondents filled an EAS questionnaire (Emotional, Activity and Sociability Survey), which measure temperament (Emotionality, Activity, Sociability, Shyness). All respondents also provided a recording of psychomotor style (behavioral marker of temperament) and stated their height and weight (physical markers of temperament). Contrary to expectations, our results showed that temperament (measured by...
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Evolutionary theories of homosexuality
Fořt, Jakub ; Kaňková, Šárka (advisor) ; Štěrbová, Zuzana (referee)
This thesis deals with male homosexuality from an evolutionary viewpoint. In the first part, it provides a review of knowledge about the genetic and immunological origin of male homosexuality, this consequently serves as a theoretical base for the main part of the thesis. Regarding the fact that homosexuals leave less offspring than heterosexuals do, it is appropriate to raise a question by which mechanism is male homosexuality maintained in population and what could eventually be its evolutionary role. The thesis summarizes five most influential theories which were constructed in a purpose to answer this question. The thesis also posits and critically evaluates results of empirical research that support particular theories or give evidence against them.
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Active parental influence on mate choice
Šípková, Kristýna ; Štěrbová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Frynta, Daniel (referee)
The uniqueness of human mate choice is in the fact, that there is not just the individual present but also are its parents or other relatives. Some could call it a group mate choice. The impact parents can have on their offspring mate choice can be either passive (such as inheriting preferences ) or active ( preventing contact etc.). The main thought of this thesis is to critically evaluate works which were previously done on the topic of parental active impact on their offspring mate choice related to sex and culture. However the preferences of parents and their offsprings in mate choice are not very commonly in harmony, which can lead to various conflicts. These conflicts are trying to be avoided by both sides, with manipulative techniques, such as allowing/forbiding acces to information. The possible intensity of the impact parents can have in their offspring mate choice is given by the type of society and culture setting they occure at. In industrial societies the impact is more likely to be indirect, on the other hand in nonindustrial societies direct control of mate choice is still in practice. At last but not least this thesis is putting focus on the question why are parents even interested in their offspring's mate choice.
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Haptic as a means of interspecific communication between dog (Canis lupus familiaris) and human
Jurásková, Karolína ; Santariová, Milena (advisor) ; Štěrbová, Zuzana (referee)
Even though haptics is an integral constituent of the intraspecific communication between man and dog, it is studied in lesser extent to its sibling disciplines. This paper consolidates existing findings about means of tactile communication man and dog demonstrate when engaged in reciprocal sharing of information. The complexity of intraspecific communication between these two species is quite unique and mostly enabled by the evolutionary processes of domestication, which in effect made dogs more adapt to understanding human signalling more tightly than what is the case for other primates. Given how the dog and the man use haptics withing the bounds of intraspecific communication, the relationship evolved beyond it and towards the realm of relational interactions. Let us then, characterize the individual types of signals and their meanings. Tactile signals find their use in both the everyday life and during a training by a professional. Touch can be used as negative and positive reinforcement. It can be stressful to the dog if perceived negatively or calming if perceived positively. Relaxational effects of tactile contact is also used by a form of rehabilitation called animal assisted therapy. Given the variability of haptic stimuli, both acting species can manifest a plethora of...
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Consistency and paternal influence on human mate choice in heterosexual women
Taskovská, Kristýna ; Štěrbová, Zuzana (advisor) ; Bártová, Klára (referee)
People choose partners based on different characteristics, however it is not clear whether they systematically choose partners with specific characteristics. It is also not clear what modulates partner preferences. One of the factors are parents, however the question is, whether parents influence all types of relationships (e.g. one-night stand, marriage etc.). The main objective was to analyze the consistency of mate choice in physical characteristics in heterosexual women. Another objective was to test paternal influence on the mate choice, and whether this influence differs among partners with whom women have children and partners with whom they don't. Last objective was to test whether the similarity between father and current partner influences the relationship and sexual satisfaction of the respondent. In total 693 heterosexual women, aged 18-45, participated in the research (average age = 30,7; SE = 5,9) and provided physical characteristics (weight, height, attractiveness, masculinity, eye color, hair color, facial masculinity, facial hair, musculature, BMI, relative height, body hair and leg length) of their father, current partner (with whom they had/were expecting children) and long term ex-partners (with whom they had no children), they completed the standardized questionnaire s-EMBU...
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