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Semantic content of mental reprezentations and intentional mental slates
Fibigerová, Kateřina ; Šulová, Lenka (referee) ; Kebza, Vladimír (advisor)
The present thesis is conceived as a theoretical study mapping the problem of the representational and intentional mental content, as principal psychological concepts, on the background of fundamental semantic conceptions of sign and its meaning. The intention is to model the mental representation and intentionality as semantic functions of mind, and than, from this point of view to understand the concept of mental content by analogy with sign meaning. The assumed analogy is observed at the level of structural and ontological caracteristics of the content and the meaning. The objectif of this paper is to elaborate a critical survey of main trends in this problem, which haven't yet been object of any integrated study.
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Specifics of father-infant and mother-infant play with a child up to age of three
Svatošová, Lucie ; Dittrichová, Jaroslava (referee) ; Šulová, Lenka (advisor)
This diploma thesis is a part of the grant task n.406/01/220 of the Grant agency of the Czech republic. The grant task is focused on the specifics of early interactions of young child with the members of their family. The solver of the grant task is Doc. PhDr. Lenka ulová, CSc. The theoretical part of the work is devided into five main chapters. The first one is focused on the role of mother in childs development. The second one is oriented to the role of father. In the third chapter is closely analyse childs play up to age of three. The fourth chapter is focused on the specifics of mother-infant play, the fifth one is dedicated to the specifics of father-infant play. The research presented in the empirical part consists in the analysis of recorded play interactions of 1,2 and 3 years old childern with their mothers and fathers, that were taken in their homes with the standardized set of toys. The results were analysed by the programme V.I.P. into several categories (look, vokalisation, smile, manipulation with toys, motorical activity, physical contact). There were observed differences between mother-infant and father-infant play. The results are presented for each child separately, for 1,2 and 3 years old childern, for the whole sample and finally the development aspect was observed too.
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The place of fituals in todays family
Prokešová, Petra ; Šulová, Lenka (advisor) ; Horáková Hoskovcová, Simona (referee)
The aim of this work is to map out a form of rituals in today's Prague family, to describe some particular examples, and to evaluate their psychological benefits. The text is divided into three main chapters. The first chapter describes conception and definition of the ritual in humanistic sciences; associations amongst rituals, myths and religion; important aspects of ritual in man's life including its pathological form, and its contribution to a group. The second chapter is dedicated to family rituals, their specific form and function. It provides a general categorization supplied by number of concrete examples from literature and interviews with research respondents. The third chapter, empiric, describes the qualitative research procedure - a mapping study including thirty adults. The semi-structured interviews and subsequent analysis illustrate a particular form of some rituals in present-day Prague family, and their psychological gain without a claim for any generalization.
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The manifestation of reciprocal agression and violence among older people and social environment (the view of clients from two houses with domiciliary services)
Braierová, Kateřina ; Šulová, Lenka (referee) ; Slaměník, Ivan (advisor)
We look at aggression and violence as at one of possible ways of reciprocal behavior among individuals or groups. Our interest is concentrated on aggressive and violent behavior of older people (individuals older than 65 years) toward the social environment. We are looking for possible reasons (excluding pathological reasons) and possible specifics of such behavior. The topic is held especially by the view of social psychology. We observe basic aggression theories, social psychology phenomena and evolutionary changes connected with aging which could cause aggressive and violent behavior of older people. In the empirical part we are interested in the opinion of clients from two houses with domiciliary services. We take into account that the group is in some aspects different from the common population of older people.
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Elder abuse and neglect
Haluzíková, Lenka ; Slaměník, Ivan (referee) ; Šulová, Lenka (advisor)
This thesis deals with the subject of elder abuse and neglect (EAN). The author in her theoretical part presents all sorts of aspects of the EAN phenomenon which is broadly interdisciplinary and whose definition and prevalence were not assessed yet. It describes exposures of single types of EAN and symptoms, whose knowledge is necessary for effective detection of particular cases of EAN. Hitherto most of the cases stay concealed because the victims tend to hide the abuse and simultaneously neither the community of specialists nor non-specialists have sufficient awareness about the problem in order to perceive it. In this course an education of the public is crucial but also the author deems necessary to change the attitude of all-society towards the elder people which at the present time seems quite discriminatory. Farther the author attends to a victim and an offender of EAN and their interaction, in this respect she presents risk factors and searches for potential causations of abuse. Detailed knowledge of these causations is crucial for suitable aiming of prevention. For a complex intervention of EAN would be ideal to create multidisciplinary teams of different specialists. But such teams are rather exception worldwide. Among these specialists a psychologist should be present as he can play an important...
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Theoretical background and evaluation Reuven Feuerstein Instrumental Enrichment
Málková, Gabriela ; Pokorná, Věra (advisor) ; Štech, Stanislav (referee) ; Šulová, Lenka (referee)
This thesis presents and discusses theoretical roots and background of Instrumental Enrichment. Reuven Feuerstein's Instrumental Enrichment was originally designed to overcome cognitive difficulties of culturally different children and adults in after second war Israel. Today this program is used all over the world in wide educational contexts. We introduce this program as a part of large body of research and knowledge in so called "thinking skills" domain too. This thesis also presents data from one year evaluation of this program as a tool for improving cognitive abilities and thinking skills of culturally and socially disadvantaged children in Czech primary school. Research design or our study refers to pilot (never published) evaluation study of Instrumental Enrichment in Czech Republic. It was prepared as a comparative, pre-post experimental design. We were interested in differences between experimental and control groups in performance on assessment battery before and after intervention. Assessment battery consisted of measures of cognitive abilities and IQ, school attainment tests and measures of self-esteem. For qualitative analyses we included diary of Instrumental Enrichment's lecturer and some tests from the assessment battery too. Data from both experimental (N=9, aged between 9 and 11) and...
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The ontogenetical beginnings. The application of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy on early development psychology
Urbanová, Kateřina ; Horáková Hoskovcová, Simona (referee) ; Šulová, Lenka (advisor)
This work wishes to present the possibilities of phenomenological interpretation of world and development of infant. It utilizes the philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty for this goal. It analyzes the ground for phenomenological philosophy in psychology and presents in main features the philosophy of mentioned author. It shows contemporary psychological view on ontogenetical beginnings of perception and it reflects these psychological ideas from the position of Merleau-Ponty's philosophy. It stresses the necessity to clear up the character of infant's world at all, before we start to explain its individual aspects. In a key part, this work deals with philosophical interpretation of developmental "beginnings" and it postulate the early development as a "looking for home" in a world. At the beginning of this process, there are other people. In the conclusion this work discusses methodological consequences of this conception for ontogenetical psychology.
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The phenomenology of experience in extreme situations based on the example of unplanned caesarean sections
Boháčková, Eva ; Mikšík, Oldřich (advisor) ; Šulová, Lenka (referee) ; Svoboda, Bohuslav (referee)
Our qualitative study "The Phenomenology of Experience in Extreme Situations Based on the Example of Unplanned Caesarean Sections" tries to map and to describe the phenomenon of extreme situations mainly from the point of view of their dynamic aspects and puts the emphasis on the experience of such. As a typical example of extreme situation we have chosen unplanned Caesarean Section on the background of historical - economic and social changes. Such example is to serve as a prototype of successful ending to the extreme situation. Therefore on ly such cases when both mother and child survived the delivery were included in our research. ln our work we are laying a question what experience of this concrete extreme situation means to women, what types of feelings may be connected with such experience and above all what various ways there are to cope with such experience. We are not actually trying to generalize because every such experience is a unique one. We are more searching for suitable theoretical frameworks, research methods and safe ways to allow mothers to gain distance from this difficult and sensitive experience so they can reinterpret such in a positive way. Then they can integrate such important and often traumatic event into their present every day life and enrich it by another experience dimension.
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New challenges of terrorism: social-psychological study
Měchová, Simona ; Šulová, Lenka (advisor) ; Mikšík, Oldřich (referee) ; Brzybohatý, Marian (referee)
Following text focuses on terrorism issues and it's new face. The author tries to cover the topic in it's complexity and significant connections and at the same time points out the simplified view on terrorism that society often adopts from the media presentation. The first part called "Terrorism as a social phenomenon" discribes differences between traditional and new terrorism, mentions historical roots of terrorism and it's evolution and also shows particular types of terrorism, it's techniques and methods used by terrorists. Text discribes the process of choosing particular type of the terrorist attack according to it's advantages. It can also help to understand the principles on which the terrorist group works and stands. Second part called "Psychological aspects of terrorism" wants to explain connections between behavior, acts, feelings and personal determination of terrorists, considering normality of their personality. Author analyses psychological determination of accepting terrorism as a method helping to deal with life reality; it takes a look at the manner of terrorist thinking, emotions and behavior, concerning his inclination to the extreme and it's psychological roots. Special focus is concerned on the Psychology of Suicidal Terrorism, Psychology of Hostage-Taking, Psychology of Justifying...
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