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Understanding Hybrid Warfare Constructivism and Ontological (in)Security
Ostreni, Bruss ; Střítecký, Vít (vedoucí práce) ; Ludvík, Jan (oponent)
This thesis aim is to investigate the propagation of the term 'Hybrid Warfare' in world politics, more specifically on NATO's discourses and official texts. Granted the argument that the term is unable to convey a concrete strategic doctrine or strategy due to its lack of conceptual fecundity, we argue that nonetheless, the usage of the term serves NATO as an Ontological Security exercise. The reasoning behind this argument is that Hybrid Threats (or war) have the capacity to make NATO ontologically (in)secure due to the latter's inability to respond efficiently. Thus, disrupting the alliance strategy of 'being' - that is a collective defense alliance in charge of security of all members via the Article V of the treaty - and at the same time its strategy of 'doing' which is the ability of the alliance to provide a peaceful and safe Euro-Atlantic region, inside and out. Following our attempted bridging on Hybrid War and NATO's Ontological Security, we then proceed to explicate policy changes influenced by the former. In order to do so, we chose to employ a three- layered model created by Jakub Eberle and Vladimir Handl which conceptualizes Ontological Security through narratives about the self, the other, and the overall international system. The argument is that when actors are threatened by a...
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Political Violence in Turkey
Özturan, Betül ; Střítecký, Vít (vedoucí práce) ; Aslan, Emil (oponent)
This thesis aims to create a novel dataset on political violence to estimate the accurate number of political violence incidents and fatalities in Turkey: Political Violence in Turkey Event Dataset (POLVITED). I argue that the reporting bias and differences in the scopes and definition of event datasets impact the quantitative study of conflict and violence. To eliminate the reporting bias and create a comprehensive dataset on political violence, I apply Matching Event Data by Location, Time and Type (MELTT) method to the Global Terrorism Database(GTD) and Uppsala Conflict Data Programme (UCDP-GED). The finding suggests that UCDP-GED were able to record 65% of the total number of political violence incidents in Turkey, and GTD was able to record 45% of them while 10% is coded in both datasets. POLVITED enables the researchers to capture the accurate picture of political violence incidents in Turkey by eliminating the double recording and alleviating the reporting bias. Lastly, the comparison of POLVITED and official reports demonstrates that, although the reporting bias is inevitable, integration alleviates the problems associated with it by increasing the coverage of the dataset.
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Counter-Terrorism in Nigeria: Measures and Approaches
King udeme, Simon ; Střítecký, Vít (vedoucí práce) ; Bureš, Oldřich (oponent)
In recent times Countering Terrorism has been at the top of most governments' security agendas and policies. Since terrorism has become the single most lethal weapon used by anti - state agennts to destabilized society and gain government attention, it has become a very lucrative venture. Even though the underlying factors of each terrorist organization or insurgence defer from place to place, the motives remain unchanged across the board : whether it is inciting recruits and sympathizers to pick up arms, or appealing to sponsors to finance political violence, terrorist sects aim at creating fear in society to achieve their objectives. Also, terrorism has now metamorphosed into a transnational global network of affliates and terror gangs of like minds. With structural fundings, state - like model of hierarchy, and in most cases a judiciary system. This undenable advancement in terrorism methodology from what was once seen as - basic ideological aggrievances among state and rebels' groups - in the past, to a full fledge political structure has informed deligent studies about terrorism and indeed counterterrorism. Counterterrorism measure is therefore defined as the tools, measures and policies that are adopted by government when combating or stabilizing terrorism in each society.This concept takes...
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A comparative study of Norway and Scotland's effort to address and counter the threat of organized crime in a globalized world
Ramberg, Marte Skaatan ; Střítecký, Vít (vedoucí práce) ; Špelda, Petr (oponent)
A comparative study of Norway and Scotland's effort to address and counter the threat of organized crime in a globalized world. Marte Skaatan Ramberg The concept of organized crime is a rather "fussy", with over two hundred definitions to its name. This master thesis aims to debate the concept of organized crime and utilizing the concept for an investigating look at Norway and Scotland`s effort to cut and combat the effect of organized crime. Whilst tackling the ambiguity of organized crime the thesis also share some light on the security aspect of organized crime for the state and for the individual, using the framework of human security and traditional state-centric approach when evaluating the impact of organized crime. Different polices and laws shared between Norway and Scotland along with their objectives is also discussed all centered around the research questions - How does Norway approach and counter the threat of organized crime compared to Scotland? - What are the successes and failures with these strategies?
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Disinformation as a Societal Phenomenon: A Case Study of Truth Decay in Slovakia
Húsková, Eva ; Bahenský, Vojtěch (vedoucí práce) ; Střítecký, Vít (oponent)
Cílem této diplomové práce je nabídnout hlubší pochopení dezinformační trendů a jejich příčin ve slovenském informačním prostředí prostřednictvím konceptu Truth Decay, neboli Eroze pravdy, který byl definován americkou výzkumnou organizací RAND Corporation již v roce 2018. Práce se také zabývá analýzou fenoménu Eroze pravdy obecně. Výzkum samotný vychází z předpokladu, že na dezinformace by nemělo být nahlíženo jen jako na nástroj hybridní války. V současné akademické sféře evidujeme narůstající potřebu analyzovat dezinformace jako širší celospolečenský problém, který má značný dopad na společnost. Na základě 11 expertních rozhovorů s odborníky z různých sfér (akademická obec, think tanky, vládní instituce, bezpečnostní instituce, žurnalistika, nebo psychologie), se tato diplomová práce skládá ze dvou analytických kapitol. Ta první analyzuje čtyři trendy Eroze pravdy na Slovensku: zvyšující se neshody o povaze faktů a analytických interpretací faktů a dat; nejasná linie mezi názorem a faktem; narůstající množství obsahu a z toho narůstající vliv názoru a osobní zkušenosti nad faktem; a snižující se důvěra vůči kdysi respektovaným institucím a zdrojům faktických informací. Druhá analytická kapitola řeší možné "hnací motory" těchto čtyř trendů: charakteristika kognitivních procesů, jako například...
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The American Racial Reality: The Nexus between Critical Race Theory and International Security
Kuttu, Leah Gideon ; Vostal, Filip (vedoucí práce) ; Střítecký, Vít (oponent)
Human Security and Police Brutality via the Lens of Critical Race Theory Leah Gideon Kuttu 47472109 'Equality' and 'dignity of persons' are common language in the legal lingo on rights and freedoms of all men. However there seems to exist, a large magnitude in discrepancy with the actuality of these ideals in the way that all people are treated, particularly in this work, in the American society. The death of George Floyd was momentous in refocusing light on the issue of police brutality and seemingly, institutionalized racism in America. That one post showing how Floyd was killed by Police, showed just how much Black America was treated in contrast to the stipulated rights for all persons noted in America's legal apparatus. There began for international security a marked turning point in the pivot with the human being- as opposed to the state- becoming the core object for security and protection. This new turn is pointed to the 1990s in the aftermath of the Cold war. Human-centric occupations in security connote that threats to international security begin with the individual and so the individual must first be prioritized when assessing threats to security in the state and the international system. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR, 1948) is the foremost pillar on which human security is...
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EU-wide CVE Programmes: Exploring the Gap between Theory and Practice
Kaishauri, Giorgi ; Kocmanová, Markéta (vedoucí práce) ; Střítecký, Vít (oponent)
Author: Giorgi Kaishauri Study programme: International Security Studies Master's thesis: EU-wide CVE Programs: Exploring the Gap between Theory and Practice Abstract The aim of this research was to determine congruence between the EU-initiated P/CVE program, CT MORSE, and prominent theoretical and empirical insights present in the academic literature on P/CVE. This research presents an exploratory qualitative study which employs a deductive approach to explore a potential gap between counter-radicalization theory and counter- radicalization practice as observed in a major EU project. The data collected and analyzed in this research suggests a partial correlation between academic insights and project's activities. Three out of eight determinants of effective P/CVE strategy discussed in the literature - community engagement, community resilience, and the role of women, are fully accounted for by the project, while the other three - dialogue, identity formation, and personnel expertise are partially present in the form of their constituting elements. Individual resilience and inclusion of former radicals receive neither implicit, nor explicit focus in the project's undertakings across the globe. Moreover, the data suggests that existing congruence is not completely arbitrary, however, a substantially deeper...
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Securitisation in critical infrastructure identification: From cyber to elections and pandemics
Romanova, Anna ; Střítecký, Vít (vedoucí práce) ; Cheskin, Ammon (oponent)
Expressive description of the importance of critical infrastructure (CI) has been a common trend in the security literature, especially in the immediate aftermath of 9/11, when for the first time civilian infrastructure was purposefully targeted and the cascading effect so evident at such a scale. The first step in building efficient protection is the correct identification of critical assets: the European Union (EU) set a respective common approach in its 2008 Council Directive. However, it recognises only energy and transport infrastructures as critical and does not correspond with the 2016 Network Infrastructure Security (NIS) Directive. As compared to how much attention CI protection receives, CI sector identification is, arguably, a knowledge gap. Natural disasters, blackouts, human error, and especially resulting cascading effects are the focus of sectoral regulations, but are severely under-represented on the strategic level. The issue is that while pragmatic risk assessment may work for individual industries, on the state level the identification and designation are ultimately a political decision, which is something the existing frameworks do not account for. A study of securitisation in these domains could reveal the role of various sectoral and political interests, as well as social...
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Internet shutdowns during protests: A practice in digital authoritarianism
Joshi, Nishant ; Schlotti, Jivanta (vedoucí práce) ; Střítecký, Vít (oponent)
The tendency for democratic and authoritarian governments to enact internet shutdowns has grown to massive proportions over the past decade, owing to the capacity of social media and digital platforms to mobilize masses. The emancipatory potential possessed by information technology gets challenged by regimes seeking to preserve their legitimacy and retain power. The impacts that authoritarian measures have on digital governance in the past years have become manifold and continue to pose a threat to human rights. This research argues that internet shutdowns are inherently authoritarian practices aimed at repressing freedom of expression in protesting atmospheres. Using Practice Theory and the framework of Digital Authoritarianism, this dissertation shows the tendency for states to stifle voices of dissent and quash opposition. This dissertation will showcase how authoritarian systems tend to exploit power in order to exploit digital spaces to serve the regime and how the citizen machinery overcome the dis-connective actions imposed by repressive regimes. KEYWORDS: Kill-switch, Shutdowns, Authoritarianism, Repression, Technology, Protest
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Acquiescence or repression? French citizens and the absence of protest against arms exports to authoritarian states
Leclercq, Valentin ; Hardman, Helen (vedoucí práce) ; Střítecký, Vít (oponent)
This dissertation explores the individual and structural rationales involved in the production of citizen non-participation in protest against unethical weapons exports. Arms exports control has traditionally been viewed in the literature as a product of states and state-centred international bodies, but it is increasingly recognised that in democracies citizens have a major role to play in terms of democratic constraint. However, in the case of France, evidence shows that hardly any citizens seek to constrain the government and pressure it to change its arms export policy, despite the fact that most of its clients are human rights violators. This raises a question that this dissertation aims to answer: Why do French citizens not mobilise and protest against their country's arms exports to countries that violate human rights? A survey experiment was conducted with French citizens to probe and discover the different causal mechanisms explaining non-participation. It was found that insufficient information, active shunning of participation and emotional responses are the most prevalent causes of non-participation among French citizens. Therefore, this dissertation highlights the need for a holistic approach to the study of non-participation, and aims to provide a constructive basis for practitioners...
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