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Influence of robotic milking on milk production and quality
Houšková, Veronika ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The object of this thesis was to assess the influence of robotic milking machines on the production and quality of milk in a herdof Czech Mottled Simmental cattle at a family farm Suchý during the period from January 2014 to December 2015.
The hypothesis: Robotic milking worsensre productive performance of cows and aggravates diseases of the limbs.
When evaluating the milk yield and reproductive performance of dairy cows in individual years, the data necesery was obtained from the control documentation of processed during regular yield assessments, carried out by Natural spol. s.r.o and the data selected from Analysis of a Herd Registered in a Herd-book of Czech Mottled Simmental Cattle, drawn up by the Czech-Moravian Breeders Association a.s. The statistical evaluation was processed and analysed by using Microsoft Office Excel and a statistical programme SAS 9.3 (SAS/STAT 9.3, 2011).
In respekt of the influence of order of lactation, it was found that some indicator shave a strong influence. As fortheherd A as well as herd B, a positive correlation between the sequence of lactation and milk production in kg (r= 0,123 herd A, r= 0,289 herd B; at a significance level of p<0.001). In herd A the milk production was higher than in the second and subsequent lactations by 1,165 kg compared with the first lactation (6,835kg). In a herd milked by a robot the production of milk was significantly higher than in the second lactation, and that by 2,221kg (7,285kg). Another positive correlation was found between thes equence of lactation and the number of somatic cells (r= 0.556 herd A, and r= 0,669 herd B and on the level of signifikance of p<0,001). In the originál herd quantities of somatic cells were measure dagainst the second and higher lactation, and that 388 x 1000/ ml. The same result has beenals of fortheherd B with a milking robot. The higher number of somatic cells was retraced in the second and higher lactation (282 x 1000/ ml); that means a lower value by 138 x 1000/ ml in comparison to the first lactation. When viewing the influence of the order of lactation on qualitative indicators, negative correlation wasestablished only in respekt of fat and lactose content.
After the evaluation of influence of the number of lactation days, a positive influence was found on the production of milk in kg (r= 0,923 herd A, and r= 0,885 herd B at a signifikance level of p<0.001). In both herdst hehighest performance wase stablishe dat the peak of lactation (24,6 kg forherd A and 27,19, kg forherd B). It was alsonoted that thereis a positive effect of lactation days on the protein content in milk (r= 0,253 forherd A and r= 0,100 forherd B on a level of signifikance of p<0.001). The highest percentage of protein was present in the originál herd A (3,385%) as well as in the robotisedherd B (3,365%) in the first lactationphase 1- 40 days. Contrariwise, number of lactation days has a negative effect on the kontent of fat, lactose and somatic cells in the milk.
In this thesis reproductive indicators were also evaluated. In robotised herd the repre found better values in the interim period, service period and during gestation period of cows after 1st insemination. In contrast with stalls with tandem milking, better results of conceiving of heifers after 1st insemination were achieved as well as conceiving of heifer after all inseminations, the insemination index and the percentage of conceptions of cows after all inseminations.
The above results indicate that the hypothesis cannot be fully confirmed or refuted. That part of the hypothesis, which assumes that robotic milking worsens the health condition of the limbscan be confirmed. But the second part of the hypothesis, deterioration of reproductive performance cannot be confirmed. For most of the reproductive performance indicators of there was signifiant improvement in milking using the robot.
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Monitoring internal factors on milk production and quality
Králová, Alena ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The aim of this thesis was to evaluate the influence of internal influences on the production and milk quality on selected farm. Data for preparation of this thesis were obtained on a farm in Skalica in Frydek-Mistek belonging to the joint-stock company Beskyd Agro. Data used in this thesis were evaluated for two years (1.10.2013-30.9.2014, 1.10.2014-30.9.2015). Data were analyzed and statistically processed using Microsoft Excel software. Evaluation of milk production and reproductive performance were based on the results obtained from regular inspections. For milk yield parameters were evaluated milk yield (kg) Fat (%, kg) Protein (%, kg) of milk somatic cell count (SB) depending upon reproduction and lactation. Evaluated herd were divided into 2 groups: I. lactation, II. lactation and the next lactation. Hypothesis: Worsening indicators of reproduction have negative impact on the level of milk production and its components.
The final evaluation of the data were used, comprising 280 cows of Holstein cattle, which were included in monitoring performance period. The results show that the average length of the interim period was around 416 days in average.Milk yield was 10,062 kg of milk with fat contents of 4.21%, 3.37% proportion of protein and somatic cell count 477.75 thousand / ml. The difference in milk yield of heifers at first (9 326.38 kg) and second lactation (9 901.47 kg) reached 575.09 kg. Maximum milk production was achieved on 4th lactation, when milk yield reached 10 432.16 kg per lactation.
Positive effect was demonstrated between the % fat content and protein content in%. With the increase in the% fat content, and increased protein content in%. The highest value of the average amount of fat has been statistically proven at 5th lactation and values of 4.18%. For proteins the highest number was reached during the lactation no. 6 with values of 3.40%.
The best values were obtained in lactation number 4., where the rate reached the following parameters:
milk yield per lactation 10,432, 16 kg
daily milk yield: 34.20 kg
fat: 4.08%
protein: 3.35%.
It was determined that the amount of milk yield per lactation in kg was positively affected by the value of the daily milk yield in kg, with the value (r = 1st) verified at a significance level (P <0.001). Increased milk yield per lactation kg should result in an increase daily milk yield. The negative impact was demonstrated in representating % fat content of milk (r = -0.653) and protein (r = -0.442) at the level of significance (P <0.001). Increased milk yield per lactation in kg was negatively effected and reduced the component of fat and protein. Milk yield per lactation had a positive effect on service period. Positive effect on milk yield heifers was demonstrated in service period and with a positive value (r = 0.327) with evidential significance level (P <0.05). Effect of milk yield per lactation, age at first calving was not demonstrated.
Effect of daily milk yield in kg of milk, had a negative effect on the proportion of components in % fat (r = -0.653) and protein (r = -0.442). Conclusive came to the level of significance (P <0.001). Increase in daily milk yield will reduce the content of components of protein and fat milk. The positive impact of the daily milk yield was demonstrated in connection with the service period (r = 0.247) at a level of significance (P <0.05). Increasing daily milk yield, this will extend the service period.
From the resulting data, negative effect on lactation representation% protein content (r = -0.288) and fat (r = -0.052) with evidential significance level (P <0.001) was determined . Effect of lactation on milk yield per lactation, daily milk yield, calving interval and service period has been shown.
Daily milk yield in kg of milk is affected by the amount of milk yield per lactation in kg (r = 1). Conclusive came to the level of significance (P <0.001). Increased milk yield per lactation is proportional to increase of daily milk yield. Milk yield per lactation negatively affected% of fat content (r = -0.187) and% representation of protein (r = -0, 208). Conclusive came to the level of significance (P <0.05). Increasing milk yield per lactation kg reduces% fat and protein. The relationship between milk yield per lactation in kg, service period, and interim periods has not been demonstrated.
Effect of daily milk yield in kg, had a negative effect on the% fat content (r = -0, 187) and protein (r = -0.208) with evidential significance level (P <0.05). Reduced% protein content and milk fat is a result of increased daily milk yield in kg. Effect of daily milk yield on service period and the interim has not been demonstrated.
Fat content in% and the protein in% (r = 0.603) were demonstrated at a level of significance (P <0.001). Increased if the% fat content, increased the% protein content.
The positive effect was demonstrated between service period and interim periods (r = 0.266) with evidential significance level (P <0.001). The longer the period of service increases the length meantime.
It was confirmed that with increasing lactation milk yield as per lactation, daily milk yield and milk components content.
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The effect of reproduction traits on milk production and quality
Novotná, Markéta ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The aim of this diploma thesis is to evaluate fertility indicators and milk production on a selected farm. I have anticipated lower milk utility and less frequent pregnancy rate during summer time in comparison to other seasons.
The selected stable in Bílý Újezd is a part of ZEAS Podorlicko a.s. corporation. In this stable the dairy cattle of Holstein breed was studied. The breed was mixed with ayshir and red holstein, not exceeding 15% of blood mixture. Milk utility of 511 milkers was evaluated from October 1, 2013 to October 31, 2015. The data was gained from Milk Profi Data program and then statistically evaluated in SAS version 9.3. The analysis focused on the influence of lactation sequence, year influence, season influence and the influence of lactation period on daily milk production, percentage ingredient volume and the amount of somatic cells in milk.
The average count of lactations in a herd was 2.34 in the examined period and the average day of lactation was 169.32. A positive influence of lactation sequence on daily milk production was discovered (r = 0.056; P < 0.001). The highest daily milk production was detected within fourth lactation milkers (30.72 kg). Daily milk production was increasing year-on-year, the highest was in 2015 (32.09 kg). The influence of seasons on daily milk production was noticeable. Milkers had statistically the highest volumes of milk production in autumn (30.32 kg; P < 0.001). The lactation period had a negative influence on daily milk production (r = -0.548; P < 0.001). Till 60th day of lactation the daily volume of milk production was increasing, and then since 61st day till the end of lactation it was decreasing. The days of lactation had positive influence on fat content (r = 0.078; P < 0.001).
The influence of lactation sequence on a fat percentage could not be statistically proven. In 2013 the fat content was higher (3.84%) then in 2014 (3.64%). Compared to 2014, the fat content increased on 3.80% in 2015. The lowest fat content in milk was during summer (3.58%). In autumn the fat content reached 3.79% and it was the highest in winter (3.92%). The fat content decreased in spring, falling to 3.75%. A positive influence of lactation period on fat content was proven (r = 0.078; P < 0.001).
Any influence of lactation sequence on protein content was not statistically proven. The highest protein content was noted in 2013 (3.58%), then it decreased in 2014 on 3.52% and 3.48% in 2015. The highest protein content was reached in winter (3.62%). The protein content decresed in spring on 3.51% and the lowest level was in summer (3.38%). The protein content increased again in autumn reaching 3.60%. The influence of season was proven to be positive on lactation period and protein content (r = 0.451; P < 0.001).
A negative influence of lactation sequence on a lactose content was proven (r = -0.375 ; P < 0,001). A positive infuence in lactose content (r = 0.283; P < 0.001) was discovered throught seasons. The lowest lactose content was measured in winter (4.74%), it rose in spring reaching to 4.79% and in summer to 4.80%. The highest lactose content was in autumn (4.84%). Also a negative influcence of lactation period on lactose content was proven (r = -0.221; P < 0.001).
A positive influence of lactation sequence on the amount of somatic cells in ths/mL (r = 0.197; P < 0.001) was discovered. On the contrary the seasons had negative influence on the amount of somatic cells in ths/mL (r = -0.060; P < 0.001). A statistically noticeable difference was revealed between the amount of somatic cells measured in autumn (807.92 ths/mL) and in winter (968.58 ths/mL). The influence of lactation period on the amount of somatic cells was not proven.
Altogether 544 milkers were assesed for reproduction capability in the period from October 1, 2012 to October 31, 2015. The data was obtained from WebSkot program and statistically evaluated by SAS program version 9.3. The analysis focused on the influence of lactation sequence, insemination sequence and the month of insemination pregnancy rates, servis period and the interval of insemination.
The influence of lactation and the insemination sequence on pregnancy rate could not be proven. The analysis showed that the pregnancy rate was lower in August (23.69%) than in December (46.50%).
The influence of insemination on servis period could not be proven. A positive influence of insemination sequence on servis period was discovered (r = 0.802; P < 0.001). The influence of the month of the insemination on servis period was not proven as well.
The influence of lactation sequence nor insemination sequence on insemination interval was not proven. It was discovered that the insemination interval was shorter in December (70.01 days) then in July (90.15 days; P < 0.005).
Hypothesis, which presupposed lower milk utility in summer in comarison to winter was disproved. Hypothesis about lower pregnacy rates in summer months was proved.
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Performance recording in Charollais herd in organic farming
Rechnerová, Martina ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The goal of the thesis was an evaluation of the growth rate of calfs since their birth up until to the 365th day of their life, and reproductive performance in a selected group of the Charolais cattle. Data was gathered from the results of a utility-control carried out by a selected farm (UFARM spol. s.r.o.) from 2009 to 2014. This farm has been operating in an ecological system since 2007. A total of 806 calves has been evaluated. Several factors were selected (sex, lifespan, breed frequency, order of fertilizations, development of delivery, breeding technique, year and month of birth of the calves) that were supposed to prove the influence on the calves' growth rate. From the reproductive factors the meantime, during which was the year's development observed and breeding technique were selected.
Statistical programme SAS 9.3, procedures MEANS, UNIVARIATE, REG, CORR, STEPWISE and MIXED were used to obtain results.
From the results of statistical evaluation, it was possible to prove, that delivery development is affected by weight on the level of significance P < 0,001. The insignificant influence on the growth until the age of 120 days (P < 0,05), weight in 210 days (P < 0,05) and growth until the age of 210 days (P < 0,05) was interesting as well. After observing the influence of the fertilization order on the calf's growth developement, it is fair to state that the order of fertilization has a strong influence only on the calf's weight during delivery (P < 0,001). Birth weight varied strongly in all of the listed fertilization orders (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and higher) on the level of significance. Calfs born to a heifers weighed the least on average (43, 03 kg). On the contrary, the highest average weight of a newborn calves was observed by mothers that gave fourth (45, 68 kg), eighth and higher fertilization (45,69 kg).
The influence of sexual dimorphism on the development of all growth factors of calves is apparent from the results (weight and growth since birth to the 365th day of life) and benefits the males (bulls) with the level of sigficance P < 0,001. One year's influece has been proven on almost all of the calves' growth factors (weight and growth since birth to the age of 365 days) on the significance level P < 0,001. Further observation showed that year 2009 had no influence on weight in 120 days and growth up until 120 days. Years 2012 and 2013 had no influence on calves' weight at 365 days, as well as on growth at 365 days.
In 2014, on average highest, statistically proven values in all the monitored parameters. Furthermore, influence of the month, in which the calf was born, has been proven to have influence on weight at 210 days, growth at 210 days, growth (up to day 365) and weight at 365 days (P < 0,05). During further observation, statistically relevant differences depending on the month of birth have been recorded only in growth up to 210 days and in weight on day 365 (P < 0,05). The heaviest calves at the age of 365 were those born in March and, on the other hand, those born in April weighed the least. The chosen breeding technique influeced particularly the growth since birth (P < 0,01), weight at 210 days (P < 0,01) and growth until 210 days (P < 0,05). Less influenced is the weight at 120 days and growth up to 120 days of age. Except for the birth weight, the values of growth coefficients were higher in natural breeding. Analysis of results proved multiparity to be influetial on the calves' growth rate. Litter size influenced foremost the birth weight, weight at 120 and 210 days, and growth up to 120 days of age and 210 days of age on the significance level P < 0,01. A statistically less significant influence of the (litter size / breeding frequency) on the growth since birth and weight at 365 days was observed. All of the growth coefficients were higher in one offspring
(only child/calf).
The selected factors (calf's year of birth and fertilization method) had a statistically significant influence on the postpartum anestrus (P < 0,001). The duration of postpartum interval varied in all monitored years (2009/2014) on the significance level P < 0,01.
On average, the highest number of days had the postpartum interval in 2012 (379,60) and the least number of days had the 2009 postpartum interval (282,50). postpartum inverval duration is proven to be influenced by the breeding technique on the significance level P < 0,01.
Only in 2009 and in inseminated cows did the average length of the postpartum interval not meet the requirements set by breeding objective of the charoalais cattle.
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The analyse of Charollais catlle breeding
Šebestová, Eva ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Stupka, Roman (referee)
The aim was to create a literary recherche about breeding of meat breeds and add to it a small rating sample of selected indicators of meat production in the selected Charolais herd. The values were determined based on regular weighting coming out of a yield control (birth weight, weight at 120 and 210 days of age). The results were processed into charts and tables disaggregated by sex to be clear.
The theoretical part is dedicated to the analysis of a breeding of Charolais meat herd. It focuses on the description of housing in summer and winter, nutrition of cows throughout a year, mating and calving of cows, general organization in a herd.
The monitored herd of Charolais meat breed belongs to the agricultural company, which is located in Telč near Jihlava. The main business is crop and livestock production. Crop production is mainly focused on cereals, oilseed rape and maize silage. In livestock production dominates breeding of a Holstein breed and milk production. Meat herd is located in the village Rozsíčka, which lies near Telč.
At the time of observation were in the herd in total 37 pieces, including 29 cows and 8 heifers. In a calving season 37 calves were born alive and a weighing was done on a total of 35 pieces in all age categories. From this number were 17 heifers and 18 bullocks.
Based on detected data individual weights were compared and leveled within the herd by sex and then compared with averages of an evaluated yield control over the country.
The average birth weight for heifers was 37 kg, which coincides with the national average of 37.4 kg and the average birth weight for bullocks is exactly equal to the average in the country, namely 40 kg.
The average weight recorded by heifers at 120 days of age was 176 kg and 186 kg by bulls. Both values are above average compared to the whole republic. At 210 days of age heifers with the average weight of 267 kg and bulls with 282 kg are below average of the republic. Daily gain from birth to 210 days of age was by heifers 1.1 kg and 1.16 kg by bulls.
Furthermore, number of births were avaluated in each month. Heifers were born mostly in April from the whole period, a total of 10 pieces. By bulls a number of births is distributed evenly among all months compared to heifers. Overall, it can be determined that the greatest frequency of calving falls on the first third of summer feast, especially on April.
From the results is meat yield of the herd rated as above average. The main influence on the achieved values has a culling which is consistently performed for fertility, easiness of births, milkiness of mothers. Further, from a smaller herd point of view it is assured enough of quality food throughout a year.
From a reproduction point of view a very long period of time falls on a calving and that impairs an organization of a breeding.
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Indicators of influence on the reproduction of the level and quality of milk production
Poláčková, Barbora ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
The aim of this study was to evaluate research of reproduction indicators on the level of milk production and the quality of the milk on selected farm. Materials for processing thesis were obtained on Oldřich Poláček´s Farm Hole. Mr. Poláček´s farm is located in Central Bohemia and manages 380 ha of arabe land. The farm bred Holstein cows, for now there are 190 dairy cows of this breed.
The indicators of milk production and reproduction were observed from 2013 to 2015. Results of the observed farm were compared with results of milk yield of Holstein cattle breeders association in the Czech Republic.
The data were analyzed and statistically processed using SAS 9.3 (SAS / STAT; 9.3, 2011). To determine the basic parameters of the files were used MEANS procedures and UNIVARIATE.
Evaluation of milk yield and indicators of reproduction was based on the results obtained from the recorded milk production of cows done by Holstein cattle breeders association and stable computer system AFIFARM. To evaluate the data were used 104 dairy cows, which had last two standardized lactation completed in the test years from 2013 to 2015 and 121 dairy cows, which had the first standardized lactation completed in 2014 or 2015.
For the milk yield were evaluated parameters of kilograms of milk per lactation, kilograms of milk per day, fat (%), protein (%) milk, depending on reproduction (days open, calving interval, age at the first calving) and lactation order.
Milk yield on the farm in 2015 was above the national average in Czech Republic. For dairy cows with the first lactation was up to 8 536 kilograms per standardized lactacion, for dairy cows with second lactation was up to 10 928 kg, and for dairy cows with third and more lactation was up to 10 864 kg. The average content of 3,71% fat and 3,28% protein.
The influence of lactation negatively impacted % protein (r = -0.278). Conclusiveness was on the significance level (P <0.001). The highest protein content was on the first lactation 3,40%, and lowest in the fifth lactation 3,20%.
Statistically failed to demonstrate the influence of the order of lactation on the milk yield per standardized lactation, kilograms of milk and % of fat content.
The positive effect was shown between milk yield per lactation in kg and daily milk yield in kg (r = 1). Conclusiveness was on the significance level (P <0,001). The lowest daily milk yield on the first lactation was (30,24 kg) with the production of 9223,06 kg of milk and the highest on the third lactation (47,43 kg) with the production of 14466,76 kg of milk.
Increasing of milk production per lactation had a negative effect on the % of fat content (r = -0,137), and % of protein content (r = -0.196). Conclusiveness was on the significance level (P <0.05). With increasing milk production declined % of fat content and % of protein content.
Statistically failed to demonstrate the influence of the milk production per lactacion on the open days and the calving interval.
Effect was demonstrated between the % of fat content and protein content in % (r = 0,501) at a level of significance (P <0,001). With increasing of fat content in%, increased also the the protein content in %. The lowest protein content (3,20%) was with a 3,66% of fat content. The highest protein content (3,40%) was with a 3,68% of fat content.
Age at first calving of dairy cows negatively impacted on % of the fat content of milk (r = -0,186). Conclusiveness was on the significance level (P <0,05). With age increasing at first calving declined % of fat content in milk.
There was also demonstrated a connexion between the standardized lactacion and days open (r= 0,227). Conclusiveness was on to the level of significance (P <0,05). With open days increasing the amond of milk per lactacion was higher.
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The observation of reproduction trans on the chosen farm
Uherko, David ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Ducháček, Jaromír (referee)
The aim of this bachelor's thesis was the creation of a literature research about the given issue and further demonstration of its practical evaluation of reproductive indicators on the selected farm. The survey was carried out in company ZEAS Březná a.s., farming in the Olomouc region, Šumperk district. In 2015, this company bred 670 Czech Fleckvieh cows and 355 heifers of the same breed.
The methodology was based on the monitoring of reproductive indicators relating to cows at livestock production centre in the village Březná and heifers stabled in the village Písařov, within the years of 2013, 2014 and 2015. I was monitoring quantity of inseminations, pregnancy after 1st insemination, pregnancy after all inseminations, service period, intervening time, insemination index and non-return test. The data were gained from the reports about inseminations and pregnancy rates, deadlines for performance control and farm evidence.
In the process of the comparison of the results achieved with a population of Czech Fleckvieh cattle bred in the CZECH Republic breeding reaches the above-average values for the entire reporting period in the percentage of pregnant heifers and cows. In 2015 there even was a certain reduction of the insemination interval and service period in relation to the population. Only the interim for the entire reporting period was longer. The observed (group of) cows reached the average pregnancy after the 1st insemination by 48.4% with cows and 66,3% with heifers. Indicator of pregnancy rate after all inseminations got to 49.6% with cows and 61,1% with heifers. Value of the insemination interval ranged within 79.3 days, service period was reaching the length of 121 days and the interim 301,6 days. To conceive one breeding female cow required 1,9 inseminations. For heifers an average of 1.56 inseminations was needed. Milk performance was 7058l of milk per lactation.
While making the research milking parlor was going through a modernization, due to which the farm accepted new technologies for the identification of dairy cows, and monitoring of the rut (the so-called vitalimetr). This system should help to improve the reproductive indicators. Then the question remains, how will these new technologies help in the breeding and how they will affect the reproductive indicators.
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The consequence of milk recording in dairy cattle breeding
Pokorná, Kamila ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Ducháček, Jaromír (referee)
This thesis is elaborated a detailed review of literature to illuminate the importance of milk recording in breeds of dairy cows, which illustrates the benefits of milk recording for breeders. The emergence of milk recording in the Czech Republic dates back to 1905, when it began milk recording carried out by the Danish model. From the beginning of the milk recording was not met with such great success. Over time, the importance of milk recording in the Czech Republic grew. Patronage over milk recording over the years was taken by the International Committee for Animal Recording (ICAR), which includes the Czech Republic since 1992. The milk recording in the Czech Republic is performed using several methods. Official method A and unofficial methods B and F, wherein the method A is divided into A4-P, A4-A and A4-T. Milk recording in the Czech Republic is performed only properly educated personnel, who takes sample in individual farms. After sampling, the samples are transported and subsequently processed in laboratories for analysis of milk. Results of milk recording are important for the monetization of milk and breeding organization. The results of many years of breeding work, the main base are just the results of milk recording, were the reduction cows and increase milk production. Only the number of cows in lactation period from the year 2005 to 2014 fell by 50,636 dairy cows. To reduce dairy cows occurred precisely because of the increasing milk production. Larger quantities of milk milked from each cow meant that there was no need for such a large amount of dairy cattle. Milk production from 2005 to 2014 increased on average by 1,477 kg, which is the result of breeding work. Importance of milk recording is currently mainly breeding again. Results of milk recording are used to select animals and to organize and manage the herd. Results of performance tests are also used in numerous researches.
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Effect of internal factors on milk production and quality
Zvonař, Miroslav ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Stupka, Roman (referee)
The theoretical part of my bachelor's thesis was focused on describtion of milked breeds of cattle and its breeding technique and technology, as well as diet and feed. I was trying to expleain effect of some inner factors such as genetic factors, health condition, reproductive indicators, lactation number and mastitis, on milk production and its quality. In practical demonstration, held in the Meclovska zemědělská Ltd. company on the farm Srby, the influence of these inner factors on milk production and its quality was observed.
Firstly, the research was focused on milk constituents proportions: protein, fat percentage and the number of somatic cells. Secondly, it was focused on performance evaluation during normal lactation, the age of the cattle when first calving, meantime, insemination interval and post partum interval. Data were found in the cattle performance inspection results from January 2015 to December 2015.
On this particular farm Srby, there are circa 660 cows of the Holstein cow breed. In this reported period the average volume of milk was 10 400 kg during normal lactation with the percentage of proteins 3,44 % and 3,84 % fat. The average amount of somatic cells was 354 thousand in 1 ml of milk.
Randomly chosen group of 100 pieces of cattle was selected for further research. The group was divided into two groups of 50 pieces of cattle. In the first group there were 50 first calf cows and in the second group there were cows on the second or higher level of lactation. The first group of first calf cows managed to produce in average of 9 521 kg of milk with 3,86 % of fat and 3,36 % of proteins. The average amount of somatic cells in 1 ml of milk was 72 thousand. In the second group consisted of cows on second or higher level of lactation, there were different results as the average milk production was higher 11 790 kg with average of 3,75 % of fat and 3,35 % of proteins. There was significantly less somatic cells in 1 ml of milk. The result was surprisingly great with 46 thousands somatic cells in 1 ml of milk.
First calf cows during the first calving were 741 days old on average. The average insemination interval in the first group of first calf was 72 days long and the average post partum interval was 102 days long. In the second group of cows on higher lactation level the average meantime was 396 days. The average insemination interval was 80 days and the average post- partum interval was 117 days, which is quite long and it could be implying to bad result, but we should consider high efficiency of observed dairy cows.
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Analysis of Holstein dairy cow breeding
Váchalová, Veronika ; Toušová, Renata (advisor) ; Ducháček, Jaromír (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with the breeding of Holstein dairy cattle within the system of intensive agriculture. The first chapters summarise the history of the breed, its origins and utilitarian purpose. The following chapters describe the systems of stabling, feeding and milking. The main factors affecting the economy include the quality and production of milk, as well as reproduction of dairy cows.
The practical part is engaged in the evaluation of reproduction and milk production at the farm in Tlumačov, which belongs under the Mrákov collective farm in the district of Domažlice. The farm had 239 cows of the Holstein breed in 2015. Their results were evaluated on the basis of milk utility control sheets for the period from 1st January 2015 to 31st December 2015. I divided the monitored herd into 3 groups: cows in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd lactation. I focused on the comparison of the total milk yield, milk fat content, protein percentage and number of somatic cells in all three groups. The results showed that the average milk yield of the entire herd for 2015 was 10,064 kg with an average fat content of 384 kg (3,81%) and milk protein content of 328 kg (3,26 %). As for the number of somatic cells, the average value 130,000/ml achieved by the farm in Tlumačov is very good. The best results were achieved by cows in the 1st lactation, with the average value of 70,000/ml. Their milk therefore is in compliance with the highest quality requirements.
Reproduction was evaluated by basic parameters. The results showed that gravidity after the first insemination reached satisfactory values for heifers as well as cows. Although the service period was shorter than optimal, according to various literary sources it is tolerable. The insemination index for heifers was evaluated as very good. Cows also achieved a good result in this parameter in 2015.
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