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Behavioural patterns exhibited by three populations of house mouse ( Mus musculus lato) in five-tests battery: the effects of subspecies and commensal way of life
Voráčková, Petra ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
The term "personality" nowadays occurs more often not only in psychological studies of humans but also in animal studies. Studying of personality help us to define the behavioural characteristics which can vary within the age, sexes, species or enviroments. Behavioral experiments are used to detect these behavioral patterns and they can divide the animals into the different groups. The subject of our research became three populations of house mouse (Mus musculus sensu lato) which we tested in a series of experiments involving free exploration, forced exploration, hole- board test, test of vertical activity and Elevated plus-maze. These experiments should reveal wheter the mice differ in their behaviour through the context of sex, comensalism or subspecies. We found (with in excepcion of one test) that intrapopulation variability differences are very small but interpopulation differences purely increase in the cas of comensalism and effects of subspecies. Keywords: Mus musculus, comensalism, open fieldtest, Elevated plus-maze, Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
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The impact of geography and subsistence on distribution of NRY haplogroups in Europe and Africa
Nováčková, Jana ; Černý, Viktor (advisor) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
Y chromosome is due to its special characteristics the ideal tool of archaeogenetic studies. Its diversity is influenced by several factors and I analysed two of them (geographical location and subsistence). I generated SNPs and STRs data from several loci of samples from Slovakia (156 samples, 5 regions) and sub-Saharan Africa, where I analysed samples of sedentary farmers (481 samples, 18 regions) and nomadic pastorals (405 samples, 16 regions). Slovakia is situated at the meeting point of two migration ways. First of them was spread from the east to the west and is associated with enlargement of haplogroup R1a in Europe. The second came from the Iberian Peninsula eastward and is associated with enlargement of haplogroup R1b. Results of MDS graphs replicate the geographical map of Europe. Slovakia is situated in the middle of Russian, Balkanian and Iberian samples. Correlation between genetics and geographic distances is indicated by hierarchical AMOVA analysis and Mantel tests. Populations in sub-Saharan Africa differ from each other by the subsistence pattern. Different life style influence the diversity of the Y chromosome. Nomadic pastoralists and sedentary farmers share different haplogroups, for example, while haplogroup R1b was detected only in nomadic pastoral groups, sedentary farmers...
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Biology of non-commensal populations of house mouse (Mus musculus sensus lato) from the Near East
Slábová, Markéta ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee) ; Sedláček, František (referee)
Proceedingseditor: SlábováM. & Sýkorová,Z. (eds.) (2006): Proceedings of the InternationalPh.D. students'coďerence. Universityof SouthBohemia in ČeskéBudějovice,Facultyof Agriculture,ČeskéBudějovice,Czech Republic,2006. Sýkorová Z. & Slábová M. (eds.) (2007): Proceeding of the IntemationalPh.D. students'conference.Universityof SouthBohemia in ČeskéBudějovice,Facultyof Agriculture,ČeskéBudějovice,Czech Republic,2007. Grants: 2000-2005participantontheprojectGAAV IAA6141102 Licences: Licencefor experimentaltreatmentwithanimals(numberCZU 540102) allowedby CzechCentralCommissionfor Animď Welfare. Summary House mouse(Mus musculussensulato) is one of the most studied mammals, but the attentionis paid mostly to laboratory (strictly speakingdomesticated)'or coÍnmensalpopulations.But thereare also non-coÍnmensalpopulations,living in totally differentconditionsand undertotallydifferentselectivepressures,sotheknowledgeconceming conrmensalÁaboratorypopulations can not be generalized. The evolutionof commensalismdefinitelycausedlarge changesin house mouselife history,behaviour,morphologyandsocialorganization.The aim of this studywasto, at leastpartially,fill in thi. gupin knowledge abouthousemouse,reallyinterestingandwell adaptablespecies. 4 Thethesisfocuseson thenon-commensalpopulationsaf Mus musculus domesticusfrom the...
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Genomic architecture and molecular mechanisms of hybrid sterility in mice.
Vališková, Barbora ; Forejt, Jiří (advisor) ; Janko, Karel (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
Hybrid sterility is one of the reproductive isolation mechanisms restricting gene flow between the related species and leading to speciation. PR domain containing 9 (Prdm9), the only known vertebrate hybrid sterility gene, determines the sites of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and thus specifies hotspots of meiotic recombination but in hybrids between two mouse subspecies causes failure of meiotic chromosome synapsis and hybrid male sterility. In the present study on sterile hybrids, the five smallest autosomes were more prone to asynapsis. To manipulate with the synapsis rate, random stretches of consubspecific homology were inserted into several autosomal pairs. Twenty seven or more megabases of consubspecific sequence fully restore synapsis in a given autosome. Further, at least two symetric DN double-strand breaks per chromosome were necessary for successful synapsis. Moreover, F1 hybrids had sperm when synapsis was rescued in at least three of four segregating chromosomes. To verify the assumption of a lack of symmetric DSBs in meiotic chromosomes of sterile males the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin was used to induce exogenous DNA DSBs. Cells treated with 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of cisplatin showed increased number of DSBs monitored by immunostaining of RPA and DMC1 sites and...
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Virtual reconstruction, interests and contribution to the paleobiological studies of fossil humans
Rmoutilová, Rebeka ; Brůžek, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Berillon, Gilles (referee) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
Preservation is a major obstacle in paleoanthropological studies. Since 1990s virtual methods have become an important part of anthropological research helping to overcome preservation problems in two principle ways: they improve extraction of information from a fragmentary material, and they permit a more objective reconstruction of fragmentary and incomplete remains. This thesis has focused on the virtual reconstruction of two fossil specimens: the modern human cranium from the Upper Paleolithic site of Zlatý kůň (ZK; Czech Republic) and the Neandertal Regourdou 1 (R1) pelvis (France). The reconstruction of the ZK cranium allowed us to revise sex attribution and analyze morphological affinity. Based on the secondary sex diagnosis, the ZK individual was most probably a female and exhibits a great affinity to Early Upper Paleolithic population. The R1 pelvis shows considerable asymmetry that was first analyzed on the sacrum in comparison with healthy modern humans and Neandertals. The asymmetry exceeds normal variation observed in the extant population and could have related to asymmetrical load dissipation. Therefore, the asymmetry was considered in the subsequent preliminary pelvic reconstruction which allowed us to assess sex of the individual and to analyze transverse dimensions of the pelvic...
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Meiotic homologous recombination and hybrid sterility
Gergelits, Václav ; Forejt, Jiří (advisor) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee) ; Munclinger, Pavel (referee)
(English) Meiotic homologous recombination, homologous chromosomes synapsis, and F1 hybrid sterility (enabling formation of species) are mutually interconnected phenomenons, one being the prerequisite to the latter. In the present thesis, these phenomenons were investigated on a genetic and mechanistic level using a mouse subspecies as a model. Noncrossovers (NCOs, gene conversions), 90% prevalent resolution of Prdm9- determined meiotic double-strand breaks (DSBs), were uniquely identified and characterized on a chromosome-wide level. The mean gene conversion tract length, based on 94 NCOs events, was calculated to be 32 bp. On a local level, the NCOs overlapped the known hotspots of PRDM9-controlled histone trimethylation and DSB formation, indicating their origin in the standard meiotic DSB repair pathway. On chromosome-wide level, NCO and CO distributions differed, in particular COs being relatively preferred over NCOs in subtelomeric regions. A specific subset of nonparental/asymmetric NCOs and COs was underrepresented in our datasets, proposing their problematic repair, hypothetically enabled by sister chromatids, and thus not contributing to indispensable homologous synapsis. Genome-wide crossover (CO) rates, genetically and mechanistically crucial ~10% of DSB repair, were proven to be...
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Speciation genomics in nightingales
Mořkovský, Libor ; Reifová, Radka (advisor) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee) ; Piálek, Lubomír (referee)
Speciationisusuallyaslowprocessoccurringoverthousandstomillionsofyears.Thismakes speciation research difficult because no direct observation or manipulation is possible. At best, we can gain some insight by inferring the population history and structure in very fine detail by investigating genetic markers in multiple individuals of the nascent species. Today, speciationresearchisinanunprecedentedpositionthankstotheadventofhigh-throughput sequencingmethods,whichmakeiteasier and cheaper than ever before to evaluate multiple markers in many individuals. Speciation is not a straightforward process that happens in the same way every time, but rather a phenomenon occurring when genetic and ecological circumstancesactinginsymphonyultimatelyleadtoreproductiveisolationoftwosubpopula- tions. This is why it is important to study multiple model systems to understand the general principles behind speciation. We worked with two species of nightingales (Luscinia luscinia andL.megarhynchos)thatdivergedapproximately1.8Mya,likelyduetoglacialfluctuations in Europe. Our main goal was to use these new high-throughput sequencing methods to (1) detect interspecific hybrids between the species, (2) estimate levels of interspecific gene flow,(3)findareasofthenightingalegenomethatunderliereproductiveisolationand,finally, (4)...
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Candidate genes for behavioural adaptations in tropical and temperate birds
Křístková, Barbora ; Munclinger, Pavel (advisor) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee)
The use of candidate genes has become a widespread approach in the study of behavioral adaptations. Gene function is often maintained in very distant evolutionary lines. This approach allows us to extend knowledge about non-model species. I studied the influence of selection on candidate behavioral adaptation genes associated mainly with biorhythms. I was interested in comparing genetic variability between closely related species of songbirds from tropical and temperate zones. These environments differ mainly in the conditions stability. Tropical species live in very stable conditions with generally low seasonality, unlike temperate species. Timing of events of cirkanual cycle of temperate birds is essential because of the alternating of conditions of the environment. I therefore assumed a reduction in genetic variability in migrating temperate zone species compared to tropical species due to stabilizing selection. The study is based on analyzes of microsatellite loci in the exon region. I involved analysis of neutral microsatellites as a control for possible genetic variability reduction coming from different reasons than selection. Neutral microsatellites are expected to not be influenced by selection. In tropical species I found reduced genetic variability of neutral microsatellites. That might...
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Morphometric analysis of western palearctic representatives of the genus Apodemus: from determination to ecomorphology
Mikulová, Pavlína ; Frynta, Daniel (advisor) ; Macholán, Miloš (referee) ; Sedláček, František (referee)
Summarv ThePhDthesisisbasedonthefollowingpapers: Tnsr or cHARAcTER DISpLACEMENTrN URBAN populATroNs oF APODEMUSSYLVATICUS MikulováP.& FryntaD.200l CanadianJournalofZoology79:794-801 We studiedthewood mouse,Apodemussylvaticus,inhabitingparks, cemeteries,suburbanwoods and other green areas in the city of Prague. To assess the character displacement and (or) release hypothesiswe compared seven samples from local populations occurringsympatricallywith Apodemusflavicollis with ten samples from thoselocalities in which A.flavicoltis hasneverbeenrecorded. The analysis included 1410 specimens of A. sylvaticrzscollected duringthe years 1980- 1990. Seventeenskull andbody characters weremeasured.Then the datawere ageor size adjusted,and treated by principal component analyses. Factor scores were fuither subjected to statistical testing. Although the results revealed a considerablevariation among localities, they did not suggest character displacement and (or) release. A. sylvaticus from populations sympatric with l. flavicollis were morphometrically similar to their conspeciÍicsfrom otherpopulationscollected at the periphery of the city. However, slight but statistically highly significant differenceswere found betweensamples from localities in the city centreand those from the periphery. This phenomenon may be...
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