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Fyzika z teorie pravděpodobnosti
Gottvald, Aleš
Following basic ideas of information physics, probability theory features as the inner symmetries of physical laws. Consequently, we conjecture that many fundamental physical facts are already hidden in the unique logical structure of probability theory and need not be postulated. A link with statistical thermodynamics emerges via the exponential (MaxEnt) mapping between probability and entropy, whose scaling symmetry also makes a natural bridge to fractal physics and projective geometries. To facilitate links with many other symmetries and physical areas, the exponential mapping between Lie groups and Lie algebras is suggested as a generalization of the MaxEnt relationship. We point out that the natural space of probability theory is an intrinsically 6-dimensional manifold with two fundamental governing equations imposed, which gives a novel straightforward rationale for the emergence of the 4+6=10-dimensional hyperspace, particularly important in modern particle physics.
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The role of renewables in the energy mix Czech Republic
Koukalová, Blanka ; Hladík, Miroslav (advisor) ; Czesaný, Slavoj (referee)
This thesis analyses the energy mix of the Czech Republic with a focus on the use and development options of individual types of renewable energy sources. It also considers economics of renewable energy especially in terms of production cost of electricity and the impact on the prices of electricity. The paper further analyses the current subsidies related of renewable energy sources in the country and forecasts such subsidies to 2030. The topic of the work is very timely as the future direction of the energy sector is the subject of intensive debate and negotiations, both at the level of the EU and the Czech Republic, namely in the State Energy Policy of the Czech Republic. The theoretical part defines the issue of renewable sources of energy and legislation related to the issue. It also deals with assessing the arguments of proponents and opponents of renewable energy sources and theoretical approaches related to renewable energy, specifically environmental and behavioral theories. Behavioral theory has a significant influence on decisions about the future direction of energy. The practical part focuses on the analysis of various types of renewable resources and subsidies related to renewable energy sources in the country. Furthermore we compare the models of energy systems and energy mixes of Czech republic and Germany, from both the current and future perspectives. We also evaluate the relationship of populations of the Czech Republic and Germany to renewable energy, which leads to the hypothesis that the development of renewable energy sources depends to some extent on political ambitions and objectives of the ruling establishment.
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Impact of taxation of electricity, natural gas and solid fuels on sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic
Zimmermannová - Ottová, Jarmila ; Jílková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Šauer, Petr (referee)
The main target of the thesis is analysing of short-term indirect cross-sectoral impacts of taxation of electricity, solid fuels and natural gas on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic, especially impacts on production prices. The key instrument for the analysis is the short-term price model for the Czech Republic, created as a component of the thesis. A secondary target is focused on the analysis of direct impacts, especially impacts on prices and expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. Within the scope of the main target, there are five different variants of taxation. For each of them the impact of taxation of particular commodities on changes in production prices of particular sectors of NACE is simulated. Than two different variants, both of them including taxation of all commodities, are compared. The thesis includes also two hypotheses, which are going to be confirmed or disproved on the basis of obtained results. For achieving the main target the methodology of Leontief input – output analysis was chosen (Leontief, 1966). This is the key instrument for creating short-term price model for the Czech Republic. This method is suitable especially for analysing short-term cross-sectoral impacts, however under necessary condition of no changes in current technologies, agreements and cross-sectoral relations. This condition represents strict limitation for the price model created for the thesis. Regarding scientific contribution, the main asset of this thesis is creation of macroeconomic short-term price model for the Czech Republic, which is based on methodology of Leontief input – output analysis. The additional contribution is calculation of the short-term impacts of new environmental taxation on production prices of particular sectors of NACE. Considering available information, environmental taxes in the Czech Republic have not been analysed by Leontief input - output methodology yet. There is not also sufficient analysis of environmental taxes impacts on particular sectors of NACE in the Czech Republic. The thesis is divided to seven chapters. The first chapter focuses on introduction to environmental tax regulation issue. The second chapter presents theories and concepts of taxation impact analysis. The third chapter focuses on models and empirical research in environmental taxation area. The fourth chapter is dealing with basic practical aspects of introduction of new energy taxation in the Czech republic and presents data useful for the following analysis. The fifth chapter consists of describing of applied methodology and describing of creation of the price model. The sixth chapter summarises results of simulation of direct impact of taxation on average prices for companies and on expenditures of particular sectors of NACE. The seventh chapter presents results of cross-sectoral analysis of indirect macroeconomic impacts for all variants; the chapter includes also testing of hypotheses and comments of final results.
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Russian and US influence over Israeli-Iranian rivalry in the Middle East: How to deal with nuclear Iran?
Jedinák, Marek ; Voráček, Emil (advisor) ; Dubský, Zbyněk (referee)
Main aim of this master's thesis is to answer the following research question: How to deal with nuclear Iran? Author explores this vast topic through lens of a neorealist paradigm in order to analyze the impact of Russia's and US influence over Israeli-Iranian rivalry in the Middle East. Discourse analysis has been chosen as a methodological blueprint to examine strategic dimension of Israeli-Iranian relations with a special emphasis on its nuclear dimension. In addition, a comparison of both possible military and peaceful solutions of Iranian nuclear program is stressed. Main empirical data used are infamous Israeli air-strikes on nuclear reactors of its neighbors; Osirak and Al-Kibar. Deterrence theory, especially its conventional realm, provides a basis for an assessment of strategic balance between State of Israel an Islamic Republic of Iran, in case Iran emerges as a nuclear power.
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EU Energy Policy - Theory and Practice
Kopp, Vojtěch ; Urban, Luděk (advisor) ; Weiss, Tomáš (referee)
Diploma thesis " EU Energy Policy - Theory and Practice" deals with the major issues facing the European energy policy: the liberalisation of energy markets, security of supply and combating the climate change. After a short description of the history of this policy comes the explanation why the energy issues have become so important for the EU in recent years (oil thirst of the emerging markets, rise of Putin's Russia, climate change). The next chapter focuses on EU's response to these challenges, focusing on Barroso's Commision agenda. Apart from this, there is an analysis of major stakeholders' reactions concerning the recent legislation (Energy packages). However, the main part of the thesis tries to point at the discrepancies between the "official" policy as pronounced at the EU summits and the actual state of things. Major lagging behind can be found in areas such as the extent to which the external energy policy is successful (relations with Russia), the questionable impacts of subsidising biofuels or the slow implementation of energy market directives.
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The Physics Principles of Classical Circular Accelerators for Radiological Technologicts
VESELÁ, Barbora
As the selected theory of transfer of knowledge from the scientific radiological physics (in the sphere of physical bases of circular accelerators) to students of radiological branches the theory of curricular process was used. This theory was formulated in the world by M. Pasche, T. G. Gardner, M. Certon, M. Gayl, in the Czech and Slovak Republics by J. Průcha, J. Brockmeyerová, P.Tarábek, P. Záškodný. On the base of the curriculum process theory, in the sphere of radiological physics curriculum process can be defined as a sequence of transformations T1-T5 variant forms of curriculum: "conceptual curriculum" as a communicable scientific system of radiological physics (first variant form of curriculum as transformation T1 output from a scientific system to a communicable scientific system) "intended curriculum" as an educational system of radiological physics (second variant form of curriculum as transformation T2 output from a communicable scientific system to an educational system) "project curriculum" as an instructional project of radiological physics (third variant form of curriculum as transformation T3 output from an educational system to a teaching project) "implemented curriculum-1" as the preparedness of educator to education in radiological physics (fourth variant form of curriculum as the first transformation T4 output from an educational project to implementation of teaching) "implemented curriculum-2" as the results of education in radiological physics (fifth variant form of curriculum as the second transformation T4 output from an educational project to implementation of teaching) "attained curriculum" as applicable results of education in radiological physics (sixth variant form of curriculum transformation T5 output from implementation of teaching to application of the results of teaching). In this thesis, in the sphere of physical bases of circular accelerators the transformation between the intended curriculum, project curriculum, implemented curriculum-1 and implemented curriculum-2 were used. These transformations were carried out by binds between educating text, experimental teaching, preparation for experimental teaching and placing of educational test to students of radiological branches to find out the results of experimental teaching in the sphere of physical bases of circular accelerators. In order to prove the hypotheses of the bachelor thesis, methods of mathematical statistics apart from methods of descriptive statistics were used: Nonparametric tests and two sample t-test. Nonparametric test was used to test the normality of knowledge acquired by experimental teaching. Two-sample t-test was used to compare the knowledge from the sphere of physical bases of circular accelerators in students of full-time and part-time study programme. The bachelor thesis was based on the verification of two hypotheses: a) an adequate educational text in the sphere of physical bases of circular accelerators can be created by application of curriculum process b) students´ knowledge in the sphere of physical bases of circular accelerators acquired on the base of worked out educational text will have normal distribution. Both of these hypotheses were confirmed by statistical processing of the results which were obtained by experimental teaching and by placing of educational test to students. Partial hypothesis was also confirmed that knowledge between full-time students and part-time students will not be statistically different on the level of statistical significance 0.05. Based on the verified hypotheses and the survey of further results, the targets of the thesis can be considered fulfilled.
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Define integral in Economics
ČERMÁK, Pavel
In thesis task there was mentioned little bit of indefinite integral theory and computation methods. After that was described the definite integral theory, its properties, computation methods, first of all the Newton-Leibniz formulary, and its connection with indefinite integral. Then was shown where is possible to use definite integral on examples in mathematics. The most important part of the thesis is the application of definite integral theory on examples in economics. Each subchapter is occupied by one application. At the beginning of each part the rough description of economics view is contained. Then is defined an equation eventually equations for computing. All of this is demonstrated on examples.
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Reaction of household energy demand to improvements in energy efficiency : What about the rebound effect?
Rubínová, Stela ; Mikolášek, Jakub (referee) ; Ščasný, Milan (advisor)
Energy efficiency improvements have become a major hope for decoupling the energy demand from economic growth and for achieving environmental goals. Nevertheless, effectiveness of policies based on promoting energy efficiency may be undermined by behavioral responses. More efficiently produced energy service becomes cheaper and economic theory then suggests that consumers should demand more of it, which will cause a loss of the potential technological saving. The phenomenon is called the rebound effect and it has become a focus of energy economists since early 80s. However, even today there is no clear consensus on its importance. Quantification of the rebound effect is mainly hampered by poor data availability and the comparison of results is not straightforward due to methodological differences. Our thesis concentrates right on the economic theory of the demand for energy services, definitions and methodology of its estimation. It provides a comprehensive overview of what was done in the domain and suggests which methodological approaches correspond the most to the economic theory.
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Aplikace temporálních logik ve fyzice
Švarný, Petr ; Majer, Ondrej (advisor) ; Pudlák, Pavel (referee)
This thesis presents an introduction to the three main fields that study time: physics, philosophy, and logics. A brief introduction to general relativity, thermodynamics and quantum physics is made. Also some of the basic ideas from the philosophy of time are explained and dualities connected to time are described, e.g. eternalism vs. presentism, determinism vs. indeterminism and the reality or unreality of time. As there is a huge number of temporal logics, only the main ideas that differentiate these logics from others are pointed out and some typical proofs are then shown. Special attention is then given to the relation between logics and physics, how the first can be used in the latter. Thereafter, Branching space-times and Branching continuation models are presented, which proved to be useful within quantum physics. Next, some basic terminology connected to general relativity and the A, P and T topologies are introduced . These are used together with the given models to investigate a possible combination.
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Instantons and Unitarily Inequivalent Quantum Vacua
Derco, Roman ; Iorio, Alfredo (advisor) ; Novotný, Jiří (referee)
Title: Instantons and Unitarily Inequivalent Quantum Vacua Author: Roman Derco Department: Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics Supervisor: doc. Alfredo Iorio, Ph.D., Institute of Particle and Nuclear Physics Abstract: In the presented thesis we investigate the relationship between the topologically distinct instantonic vacua and the unitarily inequivalent vacua of the quantum field theory. We focus on quantum mechanical exam- ples, where instantons appear but the complications due to quantum gauge field theory are absent. A model for quantum dissipation and the theory of one particle escaping from a metastable minimum were compared, what led to some observations. A double well system was build from harmonic oscillators and an interaction term to get closer to the quantum dissipation model, where inequivalent representations are involved. We identified the particularly simple model of a quantum particle constrained on a circle to be the ideal toy model for spotting the relation among unitarily inequivalent vacua and topologically distinct vacua we were seeking for. 1
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