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Total contents and speciation of arsenic and selenium in plants growing in soils with different physico-chemical properties
Tremlová, Jana ; Száková, Jiřina (advisor) ; Vymazal, Jan (referee)
This dissertation thesis deals with uptake, accumulation and transformation of arsenic and selenium in plants growing on soils with different chemico-physical soil properties. The contents of arsenic were investigated in 99 wild plant species, coming from 27 different families and 6 different vegetables growing in arsenic contaminated soils. The results suggest that there are species-specific mechanisms which protects certain plants from the excessive uptake of arsenic from the soil. On the other hand, there are plants using a strategy of accumulation, which theoretically may increase the risk of arsenic entry into the food chain, whether through grazing cattle and wildlife or through consumption of vegetables growing on arsenic contaminated soils. The most prevalent arsenic compounds are AsV and AsIII. Other arsenic compounds occure as minor species. An important finding was detection of arsenobetaine in Plantago lanceolata L. and Carex praecox Schreb ..
The contents of selenium were examined in 73 species of wild plants, coming from 29 different families. The results suggest that naturally low levels of selenium in the soil of selected locations along with a low capability of selenium uptake via collected plant species lead to the low content of selenium in plant biomass which may contribute to selenium deficient throughout the food chain. Foliar application of selenate on wild plant communities and on some types of vegetables in our case Brassica oleracea var. italica can have a positive impact on increasing the selenium content in the aboveground biomass of these plants and by extension, increase the selenium content in the human diet. Dominant selenium compounds in the aboveground biomass of the analyzed plants were SeVI and selenomethionine, with variable proportion of other commonly occurring organic selenium compounds, which is mainly affected by plant species.
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The Influence of Soil Amendments on the Uptake of Toxic Elements and Nutrients by Plants
Vondráčková, Stanislava ; Tlustoš, Pavel (advisor) ; Radim, Radim (referee)
Plant cultivation in soils heavily contaminated by risk elements is a challenging issue due to phytotoxic effects that restrict plant growth. Liming and phosphate additives application reduce the mobility of some risk elements in contaminated soils and can be a suitable measure for contaminated soils but can also affect availability of nutrients for plants. Therefore, it is necessary to test response of tolerant plants (trees and herbs) on soils heavily contaminated by risk elements and look for the most suitable combination of soil additives and tolerant plants.
Experimental part of PhD thesis was divided into the incubation experiments and the vegetation pot experiments. The incubation experiments: The efficiency of liming and phosphate additives at three application rates was tested for micro- and toxic elements immobilisation in weakly acid and alkaline soils heavily contaminated by As, Cd, Pb, and Zn within period of 42 days. The vegetation pot experiments: The two tolerant plants Salix × smithiana Willd. (three-year experiment) and Rumex obtusifolius L. (one-year experiment) were planted in the same contaminated soils as in the incubation experiments. Both soils were untreated and treated with two doses of lime and dolomite (S. smithiana) or treated with lime and superphosphate (R. obtusifolius). For both plants, we evaluated the initial plant growth, plant mortality, biomass production or content of macro-, micro- and toxic elements in the biomass. We evaluated also the content of organic acids in the biomass of R. obtusifolius.
Higher immobilisation effects on acid-extractable Cd, Zn, Pb, and Mn was observed for fast soluble additives (lime, superphosphate) compare to slow soluble additives (dolomite, rock phosphate) only in weakly acid soil. Lime application irrespective of dose with foliar Fe application and planting willows in the second year after the application of lime seemed to be the most suitable measure for increasing biomass production and decreasing toxic elements, especially Cd and Zn, without decreasing the macro- and micronutrients in the aboveground organs of willows in weakly acid soil. Seedlings of R. obtusifolius are sensitive to high availability of Ca, Cd, Pb, and Zn in soil. Biomass production was negatively related to the mobility of micro- and toxic elements. Elevated transport of micro- and toxic elements from belowground organs into leaves was recorded in both lime-treated soils and in superphosphate-treated alkaline soil as a result of sufficient amount of Ca available from soil solution as well as from superphosphate that can probably modify distribution of micro- and toxic elements in R. obtusifolius as a representative of oxalate plants. Rumex obtusifolius is an As-, Cd-, Pb-, and Zn-excluder and is sensitive to high availability of micro- and toxic elements in the soil. Soil chemical properties affect the distribution of essential elements within the plant greatly. In alkaline soil, R. obtusifolius is an Al-hyperaccumulator with the highest concentrations of oxalate in leaves, of malate in stems, and of citrate in belowground organs. These organic acids form strong complexes with Al that can play a key role in internal Al tolerance.
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Laboratory evaluation of activity of traditional Bolivian medicinal plants
Hladová, Alena ; Klouček, Pavel (advisor) ; Přemysl, Přemysl (referee)
Traditional medicine of indigenous cultures is based on the medicinal effects of local plants. Those people have been taught to use these plants throughout history and they employ them as their primary health care. This is supported by the fact that the natives do not have the financial resources to pay for medical care and at the same time it is also accompanied by poor availability of hospitals in areas where these cultures are located.
This thesis covers laboratory verification of antimicrobial and antioxidant activity
of Amazonian plants from south west Bolivia. This paper also summarizes the economic and political situation of the country together with the development of traditional medicine in the world and with the potential use of this medicine in pharmacy. Part of the work is devoted
to the issue of ever-increasing antimicrobial resistance and the possible effects of free radicals in the human body. The experiment was performed by testing nine samples of imported dried plants in laboratory. To determine the antimicrobial properties a microdilution method was used and the antioxidant activity was verified with the ORAC method which is based
on the elimination of free radicals. The microdilution method confirmed 80% of the MIC
in the initial concentrations tested (1,024 mg/ml) in Satureja ovata plants against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 33591 bacteria and Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria and in the plant Baccharis genistelloides against S. pyrogenes bacteria. The other samples have failed
to provide the value of the minimum inhibitory concentrations. This can be attributed
to several factors which are described in this thesis. In contrast the positive effect free radicals was confirmed in all samples. The highest efficacy showed Satureja ovata (1373,2 ug TE/mg extract). Writing this thesis was accompanied by a lack of information about the tested plants, both in terms of their botanical description and in terms of comparing the laboratory results obtained with the results of specialized studies. Therefore the results of the experiment were studied in comparison to traditional use of the tested plants that have been provided
by Bolivian natives or their effects have been analyzed from the literature.
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Dog in the garden house
Adámková, Simona ; Buttry, Ivana (advisor)
In my work, I want solve the problems of small breed dogs in the garden of a house - an appropriate choice of breed garden - Education dog - select the type of garden - suitable plants - choosing the right fence - the movement of the dog in the garden - limit the destruction of the garden (tagging) - what pitfalls may wait for the dog - evaluation.
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Biotechnology for sustainabilty in agricultural systems
Hroníková, Soňa ; Kuchtová, Perla (advisor) ; Nový, Pavel (referee)
Sustainability of agricultural systems is narrowly connected to protection of land resources and land environment, if possible, without any negative side effects for the environment.
Given the great decrease of agricultural soil in the last two decades, it is necessary to set a working system of gradual regeneration of an agroecosystem, based on the gained findings from the field of biotechnologies, products from biotechnological processes, chosen effective substances and auxiliary tools.
In the literary research there are individual sorts of agriculture valued, as well as ways of farming and their influence on soil environment and surrounding landscape. Furthermore, it is concerned about biotechnologies in this field. In the last part of the thesis there is a comparative study of two supportive biological means on regulation and quality of the chosen agricultural crops carried out and that is both separately and in the combination with the application of NPK.
The results of the study proved a significant impact of a supportive device of WormsAktive on qualitative as well as quantitative parameters of testing crops. Individual values of this supportive device came out from the comparison better than separate application of NPK. The main contribution of this thesis is the discovery that with the help of convenient combinations of the farming which is close to nature and findings of modern science it is possible to achieve a permanently sustainable system of agriculture without any negative impacts on our environment.
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Výzkum možností využití bioindikátorů pro monitoring skládek
Lichovníková, Veronika
The relation between the natural conditions and species composition and the prosperity of plant communities in situ is very close and suitable for monitoring potential degradation of individual natural components. In advanced science, this linkage also called bioindication, is widely used and it represents the effective and economically favourable method of pollution detection. The study of: Research of the possibility of using biomarkers for monitoring of landfills is focused of increasing knowledge about bioindication. The technical security of landfills now strictly implements the applicable laws and regulations, and therefore the risk of leakage of pollutants produced during the storage and subsequent decomposition of waste is very slight. Nevertheless the care of the possible risks of leakage of these substances and the subsequent contamination of the surrounding area must be taken. The research of verifying the possibility of using the vascular plants in monitoring the landfill was carried out in the years 2013-2015 on the landfill of municipal solid waste Petrůvky. During the three-year period, the reconnaissance of the terrain, and setting out five habitats for recording species composition and cover of vascular plants were carried out. On the basis of plant ecological requirements, and the incidence rate the bioindicative value was determined. The higher attention was paid to the plants that pointed to a higher nutrient capacity of habitat. Identified specially protected species: Filago lutescens, Veronica Dillenii, Myosurus minimus, Miosotis discolor, Ranunculus auricomus, Euphorbia amygdaloides and Filago arvensis, exhibited as important aspects for verifying the state of the environment were which indicated good natural conditons. Bioindicative properties of plant species were then compared with the results of the analysis of surface and underground water and soil, which were analyzed for a purpose of regular landfill monitoring. The phytocenological relevé created form the part of the analysed areas in 2009 was also used for the comparison of the results. The possibility of utilization of plant bio-indicators for monitoring the landfill based on performed research was determined.
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The care of herbal layer in garden art monuments
Baroš, Adam ; Barošová, Ivana ; Bulíř, Pavel ; Dostálek, Jiří
Metodika komplexně zpracovává velkou část postupů při péči o bylinné patro zejména v objektech památek zahradního umění. Metodika také shrnuje problematiku památkové ochrany bylinného patra, ačkoliv pouze okrajově, přesto se tohoto tématu dotýká s ohledem na její celkové zaměření. Dále metodika obsahuje základní přehled použití bylin v historii v Evropě a na území v ČR, a to z důvodu doplnění a pochopení problematiky managementu bylinného patra v památkách zahradního umění. Výše uvedené pak doplňuje také ryze praktické srovnání finančních nároků na údržbu vybraných složek bylinné vegetace.
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Transport of selected metals from the soil to the plants
Šilerová, Iva ; Sommer, Lumír (referee) ; Dočekalová, Hana (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the soil, contamination of selected heavy metals and transport of heavy metals from soil to plants. The entry of heavy metals, their reactions in the soil and their transport into the plant material are described here. Lead, cadmium and copper have been selected as the studied toxic metals. There are also described methods of soil sampling, sample preparation for analysis and determination of heavy metals in the sample.
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Efficiency of inquiry based teaching methods in elementary schools
PEŠKOVÁ, Šárka
The main aim of this bachelor thesis is to find out the efficiency of research-based teaching in biology lessons at upper primary school. The next partial aim is the comparison of students' effectiveness during lessons with elements of exploration-based teaching (a.k.a. experimental group) and comparison of students during frontal teaching (a.k.a. inspecting group). The bachelor thesis deals with teaching methods which can be used during students' lessons at upper primary schools and concentrates on possibilities of research-based teaching. Three research-based tasks which focus on plants and their parts (root, stalk, leaf) are suggested in the thesis. The use of these suggested tasks was verified in author's own practical training in seventh grade at one of the primary schools. Individual tasks are formed and prepared in order to develop creativity, independence, sense of co-operating and exploring stated topics with others. These suggested themes can be used during biology lessons at upper primary schools. The results of efficiency of suggested research-based tasks are presented in the bachelor thesis.
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