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Doplňky stravy pro sportovce
Bartl, Martin
This bachelor thesis focuses on the issue of rational nutrition, nutrition of athletes and nutritional supplements for athletes. First chapter is about dealing with the basics and principle of rational nutrition and basic food components, where I describe the composition, effects and distribution. In the second chapter I focus on the energy metabolism, where I look at nutrition from the energy point of view. The third chapter contains the specifics of intake of basic nutrients in sports nutrition. The last chapter deals with selected nutritional supplements for athletes. I focus on the main effects, target groups of users, appropriate dosage and composition of food supplements.
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Genomics of Preaxostyla flagellates
Novák, Lukáš ; Hampl, Vladimír (advisor) ; Hirt, Robert (referee) ; Van der Giezen, Mark (referee)
Protists inhabiting oxygen-depleted environments have evolved various adaptation to thrive in their niches, including modified mitochondria to various degrees adapted to anaerobiosis. The most radically altered forms of these organelles (Mitochondria-Related Organelles, MROs) have completely lost their genomes and other defining features of canonical aerobic mitochondria. Anaerobic protists are often found as endobionts (parasites, mutualists, etc.) of larger organisms. The endobiotic lifestyle combined with anaerobiosis poses another source of evolutionary pressure forcing unique adaptations in the endobionts. Here we present new insights into the adaptations of an anaerobic protistan phylum Preaxostyla, especially with regard to the reductive evolution of mitochondria, which, uniquely among all known eukaryotes, led to a complete loss of the organelle in the oxymonad Monocercomonoides exilis. We have obtained M. exilis genomic assembly of good quality and completeness, as well as genomic and transcriptomic data of varying quality and completeness from 9 other Preaxostyla species. Based on extensive, thorough gene searches and functional gene annotation on these datasets, as well as phylogenetic analyses and protein localization experiments, we conclude: 1) M. exilis has completely lost the...
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The role of the m6A pathway in the regulation of brain ontogenesis in the rat
Tabáková, Petra ; Telenský, Petr (advisor) ; Holzerová, Kristýna (referee)
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most ubiquitous post-transcriptional RNA modification and has an important role in determining the fate of mRNA transcripts. Among the key proteins of the m6A pathway are methyltransferases (METTL family enzymes), demethylases (FTO, ALKBH family enzymes), and m6A binding proteins (e.g., YTHDF family) which recognize RNA sequences depending on the amount and localization of m6A in target transcripts and subsequently influence the fate of mRNA transcripts. The role of methyltransferases and demethylases is to provide a dynamic balance of m6A levels and possibly to convey mechanisms of specificity for these so-called epitranscriptomic marks, which are not yet fully understood. The main objective of this work was to determine the relative changes in the expression of key m6A pathway proteins during early postnatal development and adulthood in the rat brain. We found that the level of expression of key m6A pathway proteins decreases from birth to adulthood, with the exception of a transient increase between postnatal days 10 and 18. During this period, we also found significant changes in the expression of respiratory chain complexes. However, further research is needed to provide evidence of a mechanistic link between the m6A pathway and brain energy homeostasis during...
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Differences in nutrition of Czech national team in sport climbing and competitive climbers
Kuncířová, Veronika ; Vilikus, Zdeněk (advisor) ; Petráková Doležalová, Radka (referee)
This master thesis evaluates the nutrition of Czech representation in sport climbing. The main goal is the monitoring of quantitative and qualitative composition of the Czech national team in sport climbing and comparing the results with the average group of climbers. The thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part deals with the morphological and functional characteristics of a sports climber. It also discusses the specific nutritional requirements related to this sport. The practical part consists of evaluation of the data, which were obtained on the basis of anthropometric measurement, short questionnaire, and five-day dietary record. Anthropometric measurements compare the body compositions of respondents. The aim of questionnaires is to evaluate the interest of individuals in nutrition and type of climbing training. Dietary records monitor the energy balance and the nutritional composition of the food. Eating records were evaluated in Nutri Pro Expert software. Results from both groups were compared with each other and also with the recommendations for the population. The purpose was to find out whether the nutrition recommendations of the Czech representation were fulfilled and also to describe the main differences in diet between top athletes and the average climbing group. The...
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The role of energy metabolism in cardioprotection induced by the adaptation to chronic hypoxia
Kolář, David
Cardiac energy metabolism is the one of the most complex system in the body. To sustain life, but also to respond quickly to any sudden changes (e.g. running, emotional stress), the heart has developed a unique ability and has become a metabolic "omnivore". At physiological conditions, long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) present the major energetic source for the adult myocardium. However, the cardiac energy metabolism may be compromised during pathophysiological states. One of the most dangerous is, undoubtedly, ischaemia-reperfusion injury with its acute form, myocardial infarction. However, the adaptation to chronic hypoxia has been known for decades for its cardioprotective effect against I/R. Changes of cardiac energy metabolism induced by the adaptation have not been fully explored and the system conceals still too many secrets. This thesis has aimed to determine how adaptation to chronic hypoxia affects the cardiac metabolism of the rat LVs in the following set-ups: 1. The effect of chronic normobaric hypoxia (CNH; 3 weeks, 5500m) during a brief I/R protocol in vitro on the protein kinase B/hexokinase (Akt/HK) pathway, including the expression and phosphorylation of Akt, the expression and localization of HK, the expression of mitochondrial creatine kinase (mtCKS), and the level of Bcl-2 family...
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Impact of downregulation of gene expression of the peptidase subunit ClpP of the mitochondrial protease ClpXP on structure and function of mitochondria in human cells
Kolařík, Daniel ; Stibůrek, Lukáš (advisor) ; Pecina, Petr (referee)
Mitochondria are some of the most complex organelles of eukaryotic cell. They have their own genome and transcriptional apparatus and maintain several key cellular functions. A substantial part of cellular energetic metabolism happens in the mitochondria, as well as formation of iron-sulfur complexes, synthesis of several key molecules and they are also the essential organelles for the apoptotic pathway. In order to maintain the quality of proteins in their oxidative environment, mitochondria have developed a complex system of proteases that reaches all the mitochondrial compartments that degrade damaged proteins and thus promote mitochondrial turnover. The aim of this work was to characterise function of ClpP subunit of ClpXP matrix protease, which role was not yet extensively investigated in human cells. Therefore, we used RNA-interference to silence expression of ClpP in HEK 293 cells and then we performed rescue experiment during which we reintroduced ClpP in cells. Our results show that the ClpP subunit does not actively participate in apoptotic pathway, nevertheless it is essential for correct assembly of all the respiratory complexes as well as the quality of mitochondria itself. We have also shown that the system of mitochondrial proteases is highly functional and that a lack of ClpP...
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The role of energy metabolism in cardioprotection induced by the adaptation to chronic hypoxia
Kolář, David ; Žurmanová, Jitka (advisor) ; Adamcová, Michaela (referee) ; Bardová, Kristina (referee)
Cardiac energy metabolism is the one of the most complex system in the body. To sustain life, but also to respond quickly to any sudden changes (e.g. running, emotional stress), the heart has developed a unique ability and has become a metabolic "omnivore". At physiological conditions, long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) present the major energetic source for the adult myocardium. However, the cardiac energy metabolism may be compromised during pathophysiological states. One of the most dangerous is, undoubtedly, ischaemia-reperfusion injury with its acute form, myocardial infarction. However, the adaptation to chronic hypoxia has been known for decades for its cardioprotective effect against I/R. Changes of cardiac energy metabolism induced by the adaptation have not been fully explored and the system conceals still too many secrets. This thesis has aimed to determine how adaptation to chronic hypoxia affects the cardiac metabolism of the rat LVs in the following set-ups: 1. The effect of chronic normobaric hypoxia (CNH; 3 weeks, 5500m) during a brief I/R protocol in vitro on the protein kinase B/hexokinase (Akt/HK) pathway, including the expression and phosphorylation of Akt, the expression and localization of HK, the expression of mitochondrial creatine kinase (mtCKS), and the level of Bcl-2 family...
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Change in bodyweight and body composition during the weightlifting training unit and nutrition in strength sports
Vašků, Karolína ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Petráková Doležalová, Radka (referee)
This bachelor thesis monitors changes in body weight and body composition during training in professional athletes, three women and four men, from the Czech weightlifting team. The theoretical part describes components of the body composition, basic methods and calculations for its assessment. In addition, energy substrates used in weightlifting and sport nutrition basics, including suitable supplements for power athletes, are mentioned. In the practical part, using the bioelectric impedance device, we evaluated the actual body composition and energy needs of individuals in a series of three defined measurements-before training, after training, and after meals. The results of our qualitative research confirm that the energy needs of power athletes are far higher than predicted. We compared the minimum caloric requirement values obtained with the In Body 230 device measurement to those obtained using the Harris-Benedicts predictive equations (HBE), and pointed to significant deviations in basal metabolism calculations and inaccuracy of the results obtained with this equation. In most cases, with HBE, we have experienced undervalue in comparison to the In Body measurement. We have also confirmed the fact that the BMI is not suitable for the weight loss evaluation in weightlifters because of the...
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Circadian system in mitochondria
Šemíková, Johana ; Bendová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Moravcová, Radka (referee)
The rhythms of circadian clocks throughout our bodies are not governed only by the light/dark cycle, but in many peripheral tissues circadian clocks are reset based on availability of nutrients and timing of food intake. The circadian system responds to changes in the levels of two metabolites (AMP and NAD+ ) that are central to biochemical reactions involved in energy production, storage, and utilization through the metabolic sensors AMPK and SIRT1. The aim of this review is to summarize mechanisms for energetic metabolism known to date that are connected with the regulation of circadian rhythms and explain their function in maintaining their stability. Last but not least, to show possible dysregulation of these mechanisms and their impact on the circadian system.
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Energy metabolism and apoptotsis markers in cold heart aclimated rat.
Pospíšilová, Barbora ; Horníková, Daniela (advisor) ; Knytl, Martin (referee)
Cold adaptation and her effects has been known for many decates. Positive or negative impact depends especially on its length and strength. The lower temperature can very often cause the stress for organism. On the other hand in expreriment with long-term adapatation were found positive consequences on cardiovascular system. We found the lack of studies devoted to the energy metabolism and apoptosis in heart tissue during long-term cold adaptation. In this work we used a model with milder conditions of the adaptation (10žC±1), so there wouldn't be damage of the experimental animals. We compared the resuls betwen control, cold and regressive group of rats. In this expreriment we used methods of electrophoresis and Western blot. The target of the work was found if we can find any differences betwen chosen HIF targeted genes. The next goal was to detect the differences betwen chosen pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic markers. Keywords: cold adaptation, heart, energetic metabolism, HIF, apoptosis
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