|
|
lmportance of epicardial fat in heart diseases: new mechanism of action and their therapeutic implication
Matloch, Zdeněk ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Maruna, Pavel (referee) ; Lipš, Michal (referee)
It was documented earlier that epicardial fat is a source of pro-inflammatory mediators under basal conditions (Mazurek, Zhang et al. 2003, Baker, Silva et al. 2006). It was also found that during cardiac surgery there is an increased expression of mRNA for pro- inflammatory cytokines in both epicardial and subcutaneous adipose tissue (Kremen, Dolinkova et al. 2006). During advanced heart failure, an inflammation of adipose tissue and resistance to adiponectin was also discovered (Khan, Kato et al. 2012). As part of the project, we tested the hypothesis that changes in levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, including their expression in adipose, muscle and heart tissue, as well as changes in insulin resistance and lipid profile parameters, are dependent on the type of underlying disease of patients, either the presence of CAD or valve degeneration. The aim of our project was to investigate metabolic changes in various fat tissues, insulin resistance, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines plasmatic levels and their mRNA expressions in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing either elective coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) or isolated valve replacement. Our patients underwent several blood tests and measurements like anthropometric, biochemical, and...
|
|
|
Specifics of nutrition in postmenopausal women
Ostárková, Ester ; Maruna, Pavel (advisor) ; Tůmová, Eva (referee)
The diploma thesis studies the specifics of nutrition in postmenopausal women. During this period, women face the decline of female hormones and with postmenopausal symptoms, which significantly affect the quality of women's life. A healthy lifestyle plays a significant role in limiting the effects of symptoms on daily life activities and work as a prevention of diseases typically caused by the aging. The theoretical part of the thesis deals with the issue of menopause and physiological changes, clarifies the increased risks of developing diseases during this period, lists their dietary measures and deals with general recommendations for appropriate nutrition for women in menopause, including the issue of phytoestrogens. The main goal of the practical part of the diploma thesis is to evaluate the eating habits of postmenopausal women in comparison with general recommendations and to determine the level of awareness of appropriate nutrition, physical activity, prevention options and a possible higher risk of disease during this period. The metodology used a questionnaire survey, which was supplemented with case studies. The results of the research point to inappropriate eating habits of postmenopausal women as a low consumption of fish, vegetables and whole grain products, and conversely higher...
|
|
|
The physiological impact of digestive changes in geriatric patients and their impact on dietary and fluid intake
Krotilová, Martina ; Maruna, Pavel (advisor) ; Živný, Jan (referee)
Introduction: This bachelor thesis focuses on the aging process, physiological changes in the digestive tract, and the potential severe problems associated with advanced age that may impact diet and fluid intake. In the theoretical part, it summarizes the most important factors discussing old age and its related aspects. The practical part compares the theoretical research with the collected results from a questionnaire survey and laboratory blood tests. Aims: The main general aim of this thesis was to conduct a search of literature and scientific studies, and then to compare these findings with the data collected in the practical part. It was necessary to obtain the specific changes in the given sections of the digestive tract from the literature and research. The practical part included a questionnaire survey and the results of laboratory blood tests of geriatric patients to compare the diet of current versus younger age and, if necessary, to find out the reasons for the change. Methods: The quantitative questionnaire survey was realized between December 2022 and February 2023 in the Home for the Elderly, Prague 4 Háje and was completely anonymous. The target group were individuals from the elderly population. The questionnaire was based on a professional article by Professor Hana Kubesova. The...
|
|
|
Dietary measures in gastroesophageal reflux disease
Thiel, Simona ; Maruna, Pavel (advisor) ; Horák, Pavel (referee)
The bachelor thesis focuses on dietary measures in gastroesophageal reflux disease. The main aim was to investigate the adherence to recommended dietary measures aimed at reducing the frequency of unpleasant symptoms accompanying this disease. In some cases, dietary measures may help to completely eliminate the symptoms. The hypothesis is that patients with reflux disease do not adhere to these measures. A secondary aim was to test the effectiveness of dietary measures in patients who faithfully follow them. By means of a questionnaire survey, a total of 33 patients were asked primarily about their adherence to dietary and regimen measures, as well as about the nature of their complaints and the level of their quality of life. The results show that almost 70% of patients do not currently follow any dietary measures. On the contrary, patients following a diet showed an improvement in symptoms (reduction in the number of reflux episodes), and some individuals even had no symptoms. Finally, some recommendations that may contribute to the improvement of this issue are described. Keywords: Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, Dietary Measures, Nutrition, Proton Pump Inhibitors
|
|
|
Thrombophilia and thrombotic complications in severe septic patients
Zenáhlíková, Zuzana ; Kvasnička, Jan (advisor) ; Maruna, Pavel (referee) ; Malý, Jaroslav (referee)
Introduction: Thrombotic events are among the most serious complications of sepsis and also the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality in patients with sepsis. Currently, the administration of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) is recommended in patients with severe sepsis for prophylaxis of these complications. However, this prophylaxis often fails. Objectives of the study: One of the objectives of our study was to examine changes in haemostasis in relation to the inflammatory response during 15 days of severe sepsis. The next objective was to determine whether a prophylactic inhibition of F Xa in the range from 0.2 to 0.4 IU/mL is achieved in these patients, if they receive the recommended prophylaxis with LMWH. We also recorded the dynamics of changes in the F Xa inhibition during the entire study period. Moreover, we tried to identify the factors that may affect the antithrombotic efficacy of the subcutaneously administered enoxaparin. Patient population and methods: A total of 35 ICU patients meeting the criteria of severe sepsis were enrolled in the study. Only 16 of these patients could be followed throughout the entire 15-day period. Patients were treated according to the current guidelines, including LMWH prophylaxis; enoxaparin (40 mg sc per day) was used in this study....
|
|
|
Nutritional recommendations during cancer chemotherapy
Balcarová, Kateřina ; Maruna, Pavel (advisor) ; Živný, Jan (referee)
This bachelor thesis investigated the nutritional recommendations during cancer chemotherapy. The aim of this study was to determine whether the side effects of chemotherapy affect the dietary intake of a cancer patient. Apart from that, several goals were set. Firstly, to determine the awareness of oncologic patients treated with chemotherapy about nutritional recommendations that could influence the side effects of this therapy. Secondly, to investigate whether they act in accordance with these nutritional recommendations and to detect the source which is commonly used. Finally, to summarize the information about cancer treatment focusing on chemotherapy, its side effects and nutritional recommendations for them. The research was conducted in the oncology department of the Jablonec nad Nisou Hospital lasting from January to February in 2021. The data were collected anonymously by the non-standardized questionnaire. This questionnaire was given to the patient in the outpatient clinic and collected the next day when the patient attended the treatment. The research group involved adult oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy within the last 3 months. The total research group contained 37 patients, 20 women and 17 men were involved. The research focused on the relationship between chemotherapy and...
|
|
|
Factors affecting glucose metabolism and inflammatory response in critically ill patients
Kotulák, Tomáš ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Maruna, Pavel (referee) ; Šenolt, Ladislav (referee)
Hyperglycemia in critically ill patients was considered for many years an adaptive response to stress conditions being present in both patients with and without previous history of diabetes. Hyperglycemia is caused mainly by peripheral insulin resistance induced by the factors acting counteracting insulin signalling at the postreceptor level. Furthermore, hyperglycemia itself can then increase serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (Il-6) and interleukin-8 (Il- 8) and others. On the contrary, peripheral insulin resistance induced by pro- inflammatory cytokines may further potentiate hyperglycemia. White adipose tissue represents in addition to its energy storage function also a very active endocrine active organ. In addition to regulation of a number of metabolic processes it also significantly modulates the inflammatory response. In critically ill patients, adipose tissue changes its morphology, i.e. the adipocytes are shrinking and adipose tissue is abundantly infiltrated by macrophages. Paradoxically, overweight and obese critically ill patients have lower mortality than underweight, lean and morbidly obese subjects. In our studies, we selected population of the patients undergoing elective major cardiac surgery with extracorporeal...
|
|
|
Cognitive fatigue influence on human performance
Michalička, Vladimír ; Bartůňková, Staša (advisor) ; Maruna, Pavel (referee) ; Ptáček, Radek (referee)
Title: Effect of cognitive fatigue on present physical human performance. Goal: The goal of this thesis is to investigate the effect size of previous cognitive load on shooting accuracy and subsequent aerobic performance in observed group of army members. Method: An intervention randomized single blind crossover study was conducted on 17 males The measurements were conducted between November and December 2018 and in March 2019. After initial phase, each volunteer underwent two phases of the experiment in a random order. Psychological and physiological parameters were recorded, especially using standardized questionnaires, performance outcomes (heart rate, time to exhaustion during walking phase, shooting accuracy) and salivary cortisol levels. Results: Induced cognitive fatigue effects the psychophysiological state of human organism and its performance. Pearsons correlation values did not show linkage amongst psychic resistance, motivation to performance and cognitively demanding activity. Results showed the statistical significance of induced cognitive fatigue effect on shooting accuracy (p = 0,003). Also, a shift in the present mood was demonstrated in dimensions Fatigue p = 0,002 and Vitality p = 0,048 respectively. The shifts were caused by the previous aerobic load. The effect of induced...
|
|
|
Stress and functional disorders of stomach
Marková, Jana ; Maruna, Pavel (advisor) ; Vokurka, Martin (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with issues of stress and relationship between stress and functional disorders of the stomach. Theoretical part describes stomach - its anatomy and physiology with emphasis on regulatory mechanisms. In the theoretical part, stress is handled complexly - from the physiological, pathophysiological and psychological point of view. The stress response is described in detail with its effects on the human organism. Separate chapters are dedicated to the effects of chronic stress on the human psyche and gastrointestinal tract. Functional disorders of the stomach are precisely explored - its classification, epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostics and therapy are described. Practical part has two parts. First part is an online anonymous questionnaire study distributed among the general public. This questionnaire deals especially with the stress - frequency of feelings of stress, symptoms of stress and how can stress affect the health of the research sample. This part also studies awareness of functional gastrointestinal disorders in general public. Second study examines problematics of functional disorders of the stomach amongst patients of IV. internal clinic of Všeobecná fakultní nemocnice. It is designed as a broad questionnaire study focused on circumstances of the...
|
|
|
The changes in endocrine function and inflammatory profile of adipose tissue and peripheral monocytes of patients with obesity: the influence of physical activity and bariatric surgery
Trachta, Pavel ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Maruna, Pavel (referee) ; Štechová, Kateřina (referee)
(EN) Research in the field of obesity, diabetes mellitus and their complications in recent years is increasingly focused on pathophysiological mechanisms of their onset and potential prevention and treatment. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effects of two different interventions - sleeve gastrectomy and physical activity - on anthropometric, biochemical, hormonal parameters and mRNA expression of proinflammatory factors in subcutaneous adipose tissue along with mRNA expression in peripheral blood monocytes in patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy. A total of 15 obese women with hypertension were included into the physical activity study. These patients underwent a 3-month training program, which included 30 minutes of aerobic exercise three times a week. 13 obese women were included into sleeve gastrectomy study and were followed-up for 2 years after surgery. Our results indicate that in both studies obese groups had at baseline significantly increased mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, adipokines, chemokines and chemokine receptors relative to control groups. Both interventions decreased body weight and low-grade inflammation. Physical activity had no significant effect on blood pressure, lipid profile and mRNA expression of the components of the renin-...
|
guest ::
