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Design and functional morphology of insect wings
Jechová, Kateřina ; Prokop, Jakub (advisor) ; Janšta, Petr (referee)
Animal fly ability is undoubtedly one of the biggest innovation in evolution that allow animals to settle down another space on the Earth - the air. However, there are significant impacts on the other organisms during the evolution, too. The insect is single group of invertebrates with abilities to fly and because of that it became the most diversified group of organisms. There are a couple of theories about origin of the insect wings. Two major hypotheses considering the recent insects with their fossil record are widely known. Nevertheless, there is no direct clue to the first Pterygota due to the discontinuity of fossil record in the initial phase of their evolution The wing is very complex and unique structure throughout organisms. Insects became very good fliers during the evolution and wings are also used to protect of the body, carrying sensory organs, etc. Nevertheless, only very few insect species are well explored in term of flight and, an open theme for future studies. Aim of the present work is to describe the significance of the wing and to briefly review its morphological and design properties. Key words: Insecta, Pterygota, wing, venation, morphology, flight, evolution.
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Development of immune response to the Hymenoptera venom allergens during specific allergen immunotherapy
Hrabánková, Eva ; Kučera, Petr (advisor)
Order of ants and wasps ( Hymenoptera ) counts a hundred thousand species of insects (only on the lives of our around 15,000 kinds ) 1 . Some individuals have a stinging venom apparatus that they primarily used to defend against the enemy or stun kořisti1 , 2 and 3 stings or bites One can manifest in different ways. Not too often, but severe or even fatal complication of systemic allergic reactions. System allergen immunotherapy respective insects ( " Specific Allergen Immunotherapy " - SAIT ), abbreviated poison Immunotherapy ( " Venom Immunotherapy " - VIT) is the only causal therapy , anti- of a serious or life -threatening IgE -mediated anaphylactic reaction to following stabbing relevant type hmyzu4 . Its purpose is to induce long-term immunological tolerance (specific hyposensitization) to systemically administered alergenům5 . Initial attempts at VIT has been carried out in the 20s of last century , the initially used whole body extracts ( "whole body extreacts " - WBEs ) were due to comparable efficacy to placebo , replaced in the 70s poisonous extracts , which are used for diagnosis and therapy dodnes3 . The mechanism of induction of immunological tolerance through SAIT is complex and not yet fully understood . Probably induces the formation of the so-called " Blocking " IgG antibodies , reduces...
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Importance of insect for the pollination of crops
RŮŽIČKA, Vít
The pollination is an essential service of the ecosystem, which involves besides natural influences also animals. Hymenopteran insects belong to the most significant pollinators. For humans, the most important pollinator is the honey bee (Apis mellifera), which is bred for thousands of years, but its state is being declined in last decades. Reasons of the decline of bee colonies can be found in the intensification of agriculture (pesticides, herbicides and other chemicals) and spreading of diseases (American foulbrood and varroasis). Another important pollinator, which could possibly replace honey bees, are solitary wild bee species. But even those are also affected by intensive agriculture. In these species it is not affected only by the massive use of chemical agents, but also by the change in the structure of the landscape and the loss of natural location for nesting. An important step to protect bees (honey bees and wild bees) is the quantification of its value in the ecosystem service. On this basis, the governments compile new laws, but it is also important for protecting at the regional level.
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Phylogeny of selected species groups of the genus Torymus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae)
Křížková, Barbora ; Janšta, Petr (advisor) ; Skuhrovec, Jiří (referee)
Chalcid wasps (Chalciodiodea) is superfamily within parasitic group of the order Hymenoptera. These insects attack other arthropods. My thesis is focused on phylogeny of selected species groups of the genus Torymus Dalman 1820, whose range of hosts includes mainly gall-forming insect as gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) and gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Using genes 28D2 rDNA, COI and CytB, I constructed phylogenetic trees, which helped with discussing current view on classification of the genus and with inferring new findings about co-evolution with host organisms. Previously established morphological - ecological species groups were not supported by my analyses in many cases. Morphological traits seem to be convergent for many species. They often do not support observed monophyla as apomorphies. On the other hand, ecology and natural habitat of species was common for many branches in my cladograms. It was found out, that recent hosts are not probably original hosts of the group. Adaptive radiation in different habitats is likely to be the phenomenon that stands behind present-day host range of Torymus species. This process could have occurred after swapping to gall midges and gall wasps. Key words: Chalcidoidea, Torymus, phylogeny, parasitoid, host specifity, co-evolution
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Functional diversity of staphylinid beetles (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) in maize fields: testing the possible effect of genetically modified, insect resistant maize
SVOBODOVÁ, Zdeňka
Staphylinid beetles are recommended bioindicators for the pre-market environmental risk assessment of genetically modified (GM) insect protected maize expressing the Cry3Bb1 toxin. Bionomics, food specialization, temperature requirements and size group were assigned for 25 most common staphylinid species. These traits determine the occurrence of staphylinid beetles in the field, the food sources they could utilize and thus also their likely contact with the Cry3Bb1 toxin. The opportunity for exposure to Cry toxin from plant residues ploughed into the soil was shown by the presence of saprophagous dipteran larvae that are common prey of predatory staphylinid species and hosts of the parasitoid species. Statistical analysis of activity abundance, Rao indices and multivariate analysis of distribution of particular categories of functional traits in the field showed negligible effects of the experimental treatments, including the GM maize, upon the staphylinid community.
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Possibilities of use brown coal settling lagoons for nature protection.
Chládek, Jiří ; Hendrychová, Markéta (advisor) ; Růžička, Jan (referee)
Six study plots of different age and management located on brown coal combustion by-products from Ledvice power plant were chosen for aculea (wasps and bees) investigation. Data were collected by Moericky pan traps from May to August 2015. In total, 283 individuals of 70 species belonging to 9 families were determined. Ten species listed in Red list (3 species critical endangered, 3 species endangered, 4 species vulnerable). Strictly on reclaimed area was preferred by 8 species (52 individuals), strictly on succession area was found 23 species (132 individuals) and in total on non reclaimed areas (succession areas + areas without vegetation) was found 62 species (231 individuals).
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Monitoring of the flowering time of selected arable weed species
Suran, Pavel ; Holec, Josef (advisor) ; Kolářová, Michaela (referee)
Flowers have an irreplaceable role in a sexual reproduction of plants. Flowers also offer the nutrients to high ammount of the insect species, both pollinators and parasitoid imagos. These insect species are depending on a beginning and a lenght of the plant flowering period and some are depending as well on a plant species diversity. Therefor it is important to monitor a flowering time of individual weed species.
The phase of the plant flowering is started, as well as by other things, by a certain temperature and a humidity. Some species might require a different value of these parameters. The beginning and the lenght of the weed flowering should correlate with a development of the temperature and the humidity during the observation period. This monitoring period was the year of 2015 and observed area was the Demontrational and experimentational land of the Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources of the Czech University of Life Science in Prague. During the observation period, the plant flowering times of the individual weed species were recorded on a weekly basis. In this study, the beginning and the end of the plant flowering time were evaluated for every weed species, that were observed on the observed area. Several of the observed species registered a pause in the flowering time, this pause was also evaluated. It was found out, that most of the species, that start flowering in the spring, started flowering roughly one or two months earlier. The plants capable of flowering during a moderate freezes flowered untill the very late autumn or even during november. The plant species, that start thein flowering in the summer were not affected by an increase in the temperature of the first months, but they were affected by the very high summer temperatures and these species stopped flowering and they either never flowered again, or they started flowring, once the temperature dropped.
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Analysis of antimicrobial peptides in venom glands of bumblebees.
Janechová, Daniela ; Cvačka, Josef (advisor) ; Monincová, Lenka (referee)
The growing resistance of bacteria to traditional antibiotics promotes the interest in finding new substances for their production. Antimicrobial peptides have comparable effect to conventional antibiotics, but a different mechanism of action and they do not provoke bacterial resistance. These peptides were characterized in all forms of multicellular organisms. Hymenoptera venom contains many biologically active substances including antimicrobial peptides. For this reason, this thesis focuses on the acquisition of antimicrobial peptide sequences from selected species of bumblebees (Bombus terrestris, B. hortorum, B. hypnorum, B. pratorum, B. lucorum, B. lapidarius, B. humilis and B. bohemicus). The isolation from the venom glands was performed by high performance liquid chromatography with reversed phases. Subsequent analysis was performed using the methods of mass spectrometry, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization with time of flight analyzer and electrospray ionization connected with hybrid linear ion trap analyzer with orbitrap. The sequences for the found peptides were determined by tandem mass spectrometry methods "de novo" and Edman degradation. In this work we characterized 17 sequences of peptides extracted from bumblebee venom glands for which antimicrobial activity was determined...
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Primary and secondary plant succession in brown coal region of Most
Jarkovská, Zlata ; Hendrychová, Markéta (advisor) ; Kadlec, Tomáš (referee)
By extraction of mineral resources there are created new spaces, concretely spoil heaps, which are ideal for settlement by new organisms. Based on chosen study areas trajectories of primary and secondary succession have been compared on model group of plants and additionally on aculeata hymenoptera. Research of model groups in primary succession has been conducted on spoil heaps made of substrate from lignite overburden and study of secondary succession has been conducted in foreland and around mines on spontaneously overgrown areas. Difference in number of plant species on individual sampling plots of primary and secondary succession was not significant. Each area in primary succession was not statistically significantlly different in coverage of vegetation from those areas developing under the secondary succestion. Areas of primary and secondary succesion were different in coverage of bare substrate, which more plant species were bound on. Other factors had not statistically significant effect on plant communities and aculeata hymenoptera as well.
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Comparison of Střezovská rokle natural monument with similar brown caol post-mining sites developing under the spontaneous succession
Drozenová, Veronika ; Hendrychová, Markéta (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
Minerals resources mining leads to soil degradation in the area of north Czech. Extensive dumps form because of brown coal mining. Unnecessary material of mining place imposes there.
These areas are rehabilitated due to recovery of landscape. Natural of renewe procedures are more valuable biologically spontaneous ekological succession especially.These successional areas have been compared with similar protected territory. Its name is Střezovská Rokle. To compare I have used sample group of Aculeata Hymenoptera. In ravine six areas have been compared with six dumps with active primary succession (dump Radvesická, Obránců míru, Velebudická and Vršanská). All of these are situated to Severočeská hnědouhelná pánev.
Acuelata insect is from three salvages (may, june, july). I have used technique traps of Moerick.
Overall 176 kinds of Acuelta hymenoptera insect have been found out in both locations.They have classified according to taxanomic inclusion. There are three menials (apoidea, vespoidea, chrysidoidea). Some detected kinds of insect have been significant types which have been determined by Red List.
Altogether 45 kinds of insect have been registred in both locations. 8 types have been registred in Střezovská Rokle and 37 kinds at dumps. They are compartmentalized to few categories by vulnerability. The biggest prevailing menial is Crabronidae. It reaches the biggest abundance in Střezovská Rokle (6 kinds) and in dumps as well.
Occurrence of significant kinds at dumbs surpasses protected territory Střezovská Rokle positively.
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