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Strucutre and disturbance regime of the natural spruce mountain forests in the Fagaras Mts. in Romania
Sýkora, Ondřej ; Svoboda, Miroslav (advisor) ; Janda, Pavel (referee)
There is a large natural disturbance in spruce stands at the present moment in many European countries. Therefore understanding of the long-term natural processes and the impact of disturbances on the structure have a key role in the management of spruce forests. For this purpose, we have studied the structure and the historical regime mountains, which is one of the best preserved forest ecosystems in the Europe. Between 2011 and 2013 years we have founded nearly 50 research spots in the four valleys where we collected data on the structure of the forest. For purposes of reconstruction of disturbances history samples from almost 3 500 individuals of Norway spruce (Picea Abies) were taken. Data were analyzed with dendrochronological methods and descriptive statistics. Partial synchronization of disturbances with the valleys and the subsequent rise in the regeneration was detected, which shows the influence of disturbances evoked by wind and then, probably, by the increasing population of bark beetles. We noticed the importance of the disturbances (weak - strong), which directly influences the structure and creates the mosaic diversity of vegetation. The history of the oldest areas goes back for 400 years, and for the youngest - for 100 years. The volume of the deadwood in the valleys was approximately 135 m3. Overall, on the investigated spots 1380 individuals of regeneration with dominating recovery of Norway spruce (Picea Abies) were recorded, with the proportion of 76 %.
Our results show that the disturbances are partially synchronized with the landscape level and also on the level of each valley, and have a major impact on the structure and dynamic of the forest. Natural disturbances are the main factor affecting the natural regeneration of spruce forests.
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Specialities in insurance market regulation
Zálešáková, Ivana ; Daňhel, Jaroslav (advisor)
Insurance market regulation is complicated topic especially because of the view differences and its width. Insurance market is part of financial systém and has two main roles. The first one is the role of passive actor as money administrator for clients and the second and more important one as active participant of business on whole financial market -- business partner and investor. Due to this, minimal partial regulation is needed. Insurance market is managed by the law n. 277/2009 with touch in European directive Solvency I. ČNB is in charge of controlling the insurance market in Czech Republic. Czech national bank deals with controlling and implementation of new regulation requirements. Insurance companies from the countries of the European Union are controlled by home supervisors and have only information duty to Czech national bank. At this moment Solvency II is in implementation process in countries of EU. Solvency II is structured by bank regulation directive Basel II that is based on risk management. Newly implemented capital requirements calculation is joined with sophisticated risk models, which contain every quantifiable risk. Solvency II requires also big changes in companies' internal processes and it takes huge amount of cost. Especially new qualified staff, upgraded software and new administrative process. Small insurance companies are protesting against Solvency II. The biggest problems are capital requirements which are too high for this companies and they are afraid of losing competitiveness and their downfall. Some updates are expected after implementation of Solvency II and evaluation of the forthcoming effects. This can show new ways in insurance market regulation to future.
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Histone code and its regulation during early embryonic development in pigs
Jelínková, Pavla ; Žalmanová, Tereza (advisor) ; Miriama, Miriama (referee)
Both pronuclei of the zygote undergo epigenetic changes after fertilization, which determines the quality of the zygote and successful early mammalian embryonic development. Shortly after fertilization epigenetic asymmetry among the pronuclei of the zygote is evident, while the paternal pronucleus undergoes active DNA demethylation, the DNA of the maternal pronucleus remains methylated. The male pronucleus in addition undergoes histone acetylation, whereas the histones of the female pronucleus remain methylated. Asymmetry of pronuclei and their epigenetic status predicts successful reprogramming of the genome, and thus the success of embryonic development. For the successful development of the embryo is therefore required correct formation of both of these pronuclei of the zygote and this formation of pronuclei is regulated by post-translational histone modifications called histone code. It was hypothesized that the histone code is regulated by the activity of NADP+ - dependent histone deacetylases, sirtuins.
In the experiment were used fully grown in vitro maturated pig oocytes that were fertilized with pig spermatozoa in vitro. After isolation of zygotes cultured with addition of the activator sirtuin resveratrol was performed immunofluorescence analysis of acetylated and methylated histone H3 at lysine K9 of pronuclei of the zygotes. From the results of control group asymmetry between the pronuclei of the zygote is evident; wherein the male pronucleus exhibits higher acetylation intensity contrast female pronucleus exhibits higher methylation intensity. After adding resveratrol to all experimental groups female pronucleus showed a significant increase of the methylated histone H3 at lysine K9, and contrary to the male pronucleus significant decrease of acetylated histone H3 at lysine K9.
Sirtuins are involved in the regulation of histone code in porcine zygote and it can be assumed that they also play a role during subsequent embryonic development, which is the subject of further study.
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Molecular mechanism of hydrogen sulfide action during meiotic maturation of porcine oocytes
Veselá, Andrea ; Hošková, Kristýna (advisor) ; Tomáš, Tomáš (referee)
At present reproductive biotechnology methods are on the rise, but their development and application in the broader management of reproduction is dependent on obtaining a sufficient number of quality oocytes cultured in vitro. The prerequisite for this requirement is the creation of the optimal conditions in the course of culturing oocytes.
Understanding and knowledge of the processes that occur in oocyte during maturation is an important and necessary condition for optimizing the process of culturing oocytes in vitro and gaining a sufficient number of good quality oocytes in metaphase II of meiotic division. A large number of mechanisms that affect and control oocyte maturation are known, however it cannot be claimed that this process has been fully explained and studied. One factor which has a potential role in the regulation of meiotic maturation of oocytes is gasotransmitter hydrogen sulfide (H2S), a critical signaling molecule of endogenous origin.
The study of H2S led to the hypothesis that H2S actively influences the course of meiotic maturation of pig oocytes by regulating key signaling cascades. The aim of this work was to determine the involvement of H2S in the regulation of the MEK1-MAPK signaling cascade, responsible for the initiation and progress of the meiotic maturation of oocytes and the MEK1-PARP-1 cascade as signaling that supports cell viability. For this purpose, pig oocytes cultured in modified media were used, supplemented with a specific combination of enzyme inhibitors (3Ki) or in a culture medium with donor H2S. The ocytes were then subjected to immunocytochemistry staining, fluorescence microscopy and image analysis.
The results show that H2S is involved in the regulation of meiotic maturation. It confirmed the hypothesis of the endogenous production of H2S in the course of the meiotic maturation of pig oocytes and the influence of the MAPK signaling cascade. Based on the results, it is however likely that the MEK1-PARP-1 signaling cascade is not affected by H2S, unlike MAPK signaling, comprising the mentioned MEK1 as superior kinase. MAPK kinase activity is significantly lower in oocytes after treatment 3Ki. Further experiments are for a detailed understanding of these regulatory pathways and for the proper verification of the mechanism of the effects of H2S necessary, in particular for a full understanding of the target control factors by the post-translational modification of S-sulfhydration.
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Web application development using .NET 5 and MVC6
Brabec, Martin ; Brožek, Jiří (advisor) ; Petr, Petr (referee)
The main concern of this thesis is the design and implementation of advanced Web application in ASP.NET 1.0 Core, consisting of a presentation web and administration section. A part of the thesis is also design of a custom architecture for a data source (CRUDQ) suitable for any application, whose implementation is further demonstrated in the developed web application. Selected database system is document database called MongoDB, which is accessed using the author designed architecture approach. Other important aspects of the work includes for example effective interconnection between MVC and MVVM architectures, which is achieved by custom generator of JavaScript data model. The generated data model is used by KnockoutJS framework to ensure the functionality of user interface. The web application is fully functional simple CMS, executable on three most widely used desktop operating systems, using the latest technology tools and design patterns.
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Investment and employment in the European Union
Stöckbauerová, Sára ; Toth, Daniel (advisor) ; Helena, Helena (referee)
The Diploma Thesis is divided into the theoretical basis and the practical part that is further divided into descriptive part and analytical part. The theoretical part is proceeding from book publications and websites. The aim of this Diploma Thesis is to determine how foreign direct investments affect labour market in selected countries of the European Union, further to compare and evaluate this influence in these states, and develop recommendations for the Czech Republic how to improve the situation on the labour market through foreign direct investments and other researched variables. These issues were solved in the analytical part of the own work, where were created two single-equation econometric models and on the basis of them was investigated whether foreign direct investment and the average gross monthly wage have an influence on the number of employed in the Czech Republic and Austria. The partial aim of the thesis is to analyze the development of foreign direct investment in the Czech Republic from many different perspectives and also to analyze the development of selected indicators of the labour market. Another aim is to evaluate current condition of the Czech Republic in selected spheres of foreign direct investments and the labour market. These issues were solved in the descriptive part of the practical part. A simple summary of the results of this thesis is that foreign direct investment should not be required with the aim of increase employment.
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Analysis of weed spectrum in cereals in organic farming
Horáček, Jan ; Kolářová, Michaela (advisor) ; Holec, Josef (referee)
Summary
Organic farming means a chance for plants to reveal their abilities. We offer better conditions to the associated plants for their growth and reproduction by no use of chemical herbicides and by using alternative growing methods.
Organic agrophytocoenoses are significant by higher species richness and cover. There can be found some of endangered species among the weeds, which may be more successful in organic system, therfore the organic type of farming may serve for their protection. The most successful weed species endanger cultural crops on both organic and conventional fields. They become more dangerous without the possibility of herbicide application. Thanks to this, the strategy of each plant species is more important. That is why the question of weed suppression in organic farming is highly important and frequently asked.
The aim of this thesis is to analyse weed flora on organic cereals fields and to point out possible factors influencing them. Braun-Blanquet scale of dominance and abundance has been used for the assessment of weed communities. Several different localities were investigated in Benešov district. Influence of winter cereals, spring cereals, previous crop and the tillage system have been assessed.
Some of the most important weed species were: annual winter weed species in winter cereals, perennials and few annual spring species in spring cereals. Annual weeds were typical for spring cereals sown two years on a one plot, perennials were associated with spring cereals sown after fodder crops. -There were not found any evident differences in weed spectrum in winter cereals based on previous crop. Agrophytocoenosis on fields with conventional and reduced tillage differed. Wider spectrum of perennial species was typical for fields where reduced tillage was applied, differences in annual weed spectrum were also found. Typical species for conventional tillage were for example: marsh woundwort, common couch-grass and common poppy, while, creeping thistle, creeping buttercup, perennial sow-thistle, mugwort, corn chamomile, loose silky-bent and some others were often found on fields where reduced tillage were used.
The results of the analysis in this thesis mostly lead to the same description of weeds as in literature, but few of the results are different. Thanks to statistically decisive results, it is apparent, how a farmer can affect the plant associations over a long period.
Key words: organic farming, weeds, agrophytocoenosis, cereals, weed control, features(characteristic) of weeds.
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Pig (Sus scrofa domestica) as a laboratory animal and its use in experiments
Šlajerová, Markéta ; Masopustová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The thesis on the topic of the use of laboratory swine in biomedical research is focused on the detailed description of phylogeny and domestication of the species Sus scrofa and the origin of its domesticated form Sus scrofa domestica, a laboratory breeding, nutrition, requirements for space and the animal health conditions. Physiological and anatomical similarities pig with the human organism offers a wide range of the applications in various sectors of the medical research. Pigs, or rather the mini pig breeds are part of the preclinical testing of drugs in toxicology. In dermatology tend to be an experimental model in the healing wounds and burns, or the study of melanoma. Cardiovascular system of pigs is used in connection with the formation of atherosclerosis and congenital heart defects. The omnivorousness of pigs to test of dietary supplements; is also monitored in experimental diabetes, gastric ulcer or cirrhosis of the liver. Just the liver and their ability to regenerate them is in the laboratory pigs the focus of many research groups around the world. The central nervous system offers the opportunity to study stroke, or spinal cord injury. In transgenic animals is studied Huntington's disease and its treatment in humans. Titanium implants and various types of biomaterials are injected into the skeletal system of a pig, then reactions and bone healing are examined. In the area of experimental xenotransplantation could in the future be strains of genetically modified pigs become a source of organs for humans. While unresolved problem is the HAR-Hyperacute Rejection so rejection of the implant, and the risk of transmission of certain diseases from pigs to humans. Payoff experimental pigs is of undoubted importance and need this potential wisely and purposefully use, without wasting experimental animals and unnecessary pain. Emphasis should be placed on adherence to regulatory compliance and the concept of 3R.
Actual laboratory pigs breeding is at a high standard. Unfortunately, his major weakness on global scale is incomplete reported data related to exact values used pigs in experiments.
In the Czech Republic was the most laboratory pigs used in 1994 exactly 6882 pieces, in 1998 has been used 7122 pieces, higher number of laboratory swine was also reported for the year 2009, namely 4445 pieces. In recent years, the numbers of used laboratory pigs in the Czech Republic have settled around an average value of 2,400 pieces. Using the Mann-Whitney U test were compared to the values used in the laboratory pigs Czech Republic and the European Union, on a per capita basis. From the resulting value of p = 0.486, bigger than alpha = 0.05 it follows, that was not proved a difference in the use of experimental pigs between the Czech Republic and the other member states of the European Union. On the basis of the carried out statistical survey, it can be concluded that the fluctuations and trends in the use of laboratory pigs in the Czech Republic do not replicate those european. The established hypothesis was confirmed.
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The growth and survival of juvenile freshwater pearl mussel in respect to food resources
Mastíková, Jana ; Douda, Karel (advisor) ; Matasová, Klára (referee)
The survival of the freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritifera margaritifera) depends on the protection and preservation of the suitable biotypes that is why it is necessary to know its requirements for environmental conditions. This species indicates the quality of suitable biotypes with its specific requirements for food and environment. During its life, the freshwater pearl mussel is undergoing complicated development cycle and in each phase it has different requirements for food. In the juvenile phase, it is very sensitive to quality of environment as well as quality and composition of its food, which consists of organogenic detritus, which is mainly decomposed mass of vegetable and animal origin together with bacteria. Its food arises in river basin areas as well as in river spring areas-from where it is carried downstream by a river and so pearl mussels may ingest it filtering the water.
This highly specialized species that is sensitive to environmental changes, especially within its juvenile life phase, is very important as to its bio-indicating ability. The experimental part of this work was focused on the evaluation of the detritus carrying-capacity performed by the bio-indication method ex-situ in a laboratory out of its natural environment. For evaluating the carrying-capacity and quality of the tested detritus under optimal temperature conditions ex-situ for 10 days, there were used juvenile pearl mussels from a semi-natural breeding. The tested samples of detritus were collected according to the standard procedures in the summer 2015 from the locality of Blanice river spring area. There were collected totally 100 samples of detritus from 100 spring areas. The goal was to evaluate the growth of shells of juveniles depending on physico-chemical properties of the sample. The main analyzed data were the value of the pearl mussel growth and detritus parameters - pH, conductivity and altitude of the springs.
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Influence of humic substances on the broiler chicken´s meat
Novák, Tomáš ; Bušová, Milena (advisor) ; Daniel, Daniel (referee)
Due to great popularity of the chicken meat, the breeders try to improve yield of meat and its quality parameters, which leads to the application of various food additives such as those based on humic compounds. Those humic matters are used for their positive influence over the immunity system, metabolic functions and adaptability of the livestock organisms.
Literature review sums up the experience with broiler chicken breeding and feeding. Further it deals with meat composition and its characteristics. The last part contains information of humic compounds and their influence over the live organism and compares the findings about the application of humic preparation into the livestock food portion.
Practical part of this thesis researches the influence of humic preparation Humafit over the qualitative and quantitative parameters of the broiler chicken meat. Two groups of chicken were observed, experimental one and control one. Feeding of these two groups was held at the same time, whereas the experimental group was being fed with 200 ml of Humafit per 1000 l of supply water from 10th to 20th day of feeding. The research did not prove statistically important differences (p > 0.05) in chicken corpse weight such as in weight of each parts of the corpses.
Differences in the protein content in the breast muscle were also not statisticaly demonstrative such as pH value of the breast and thigh muscle. Total amount of heme pigments in breast muscle of the experimental group was higher and this difference was statistically important (p = 0.049). The breast muscle of chicken in the control group showed up higher binding capacity for water, this difference was statistically important (p = 0.041). This finding correlates with sensory analysis results (|r| = 0.691), when the panelists rated the meat of the control group chicken as more flavorous.
There is disunion among scientific studies in the opinion of humic compounds influence over the livestock organism. It is not possible to make a definite evaluation of humic compounds influence over the meat quality, because qualitative and quantitative parameters of the livestock meat depend on the number of intravital and external factors which can affect the experiment results.
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