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Segmentation and density estimation in femur
Horáček, Jan ; Maršálek, Lukáš (advisor)
Title: Segmentation and Density Estimation in Femur Author: Jan Horáček Department: Department of Software and Computer Science Education Supervisor: Mgr. Lukáš Maršálek Supervisor's e-mail address: lukas.marsalek@mff.cuni.cz Abstract: There are two basic ways of surgical treatment of femoral neck frac- ture - total endoprosthesis or a special metal screw in the bone. In case of a dense enough bone the screws are preferred. But for a too sparse bone, the screw may cut through the femoral head, which results in further surgical operations. We present a novel method for femoral head density measurement, which serves as another hint for the doctor's decision, whether to apply a screw or total endo- prosthesis. Our approach is based on semi-automatical femoral head segmenta- tion from CT dataset based on finding optimal path through polar coordinates on axial slices. The cost function is based on a combination of corticallis proper- ties, mostly the directional behavior of 3D gradients and their size in 2D slices, where they form typical "channels". The final volume is computed using filling and morphological algorithms and its properties are further measured. The final implementation was experimentally validated on RTG clinic of Bulovka hospital and allows radiologists to intuitively and accurately estimate...
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Dental pulp stem cells
Suchánek, Jakub ; Koberová Ivančaková, Romana (advisor) ; Kukletová, Martina (referee) ; Hampl, Aleš (referee)
The aim of this dissertation study was to optimize the isolation and long term cultivation protocols for human dental pulp stem cells. The protocols which showed best results were used for cultivation of dental pulp stem cell isolated from exfoliated teeth (SHED). Additional aims were to characterize DPSC and SHED and prove their ability to proliferate over Hayflick's limit and differentiate into mature cell lines (osteoblasts, chondroblasts and adipocytes). In order to find optimal protocols for isolation of dental pulp from tooth, we tried three different approaches. During optimization of cultivation protocol we focused on decreasing amount of fetal calf serum (FCS) from 10 % FCS in cultivation media (most often used in literature) into 2 % and thus get closer to cultivation conditions suitable for clinical usage. We compared DPSC cultivated in three different media (medium with 10 % FCS, 2 % FCS supplemented with growth factors and media with 2 % FCS supplemented with ITS and growth factors). For characterization of DPSC and SHED we used basic biological properties (proliferation activity, viability, morphology), their phenotype and karyotype. The study demonstrated that the best protocol for isolation of dental pulp from tooth was to break the roots and extract the pulp throw this aperture. We...
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Reconstructive operations in spine region with bio-ceramic materials use
Lukáš, Richard ; Karpaš, Karel (advisor) ; Štulík, Jan (referee) ; Chaloupka, Richard (referee) ; Rudinský, Bruno (referee)
1. SUMMARY Introduction: During the period of the last 25 years remarkable changes occurred in the treatment of traumas of thoracolumbar spine. The surgical treatment was extended in cases where instability and impairment of its physiological shape are expected. This development is based on the progress in imaging technologies, more detailed understanding of spine biomechanics and a pathophysiology of its impairment. The situation was also influenced by the progression in surgical instruments and implants and also in the technology of bone substitutes. Aim of the study: The aim of the study is to analyze the long term morphological and clinical results after the surgical treatment of thoracolumbar fractures, in which the bioactive glass-ceramics in the form of granules was used as a bone substitute. Material and method: A series of 140 patients treated surgically for unstable thoracolumbar fracture (LSC points 4 - 6) during the period from 1997 to 2003 was studied. The average age of patients was 44 years (14 - 78). The patient collection consists of 83 males in the average age of 43,7 years (14-73) and 57 females in the average age of 44.9 years (15-78). The minimum follow-up was 24 months, the average follow-up period was 29 months. Patient series includes a group of 91 cases, in which the implant was...
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The possibilities of physiotherapy treating children with evolutionary hip joints disorders
PEŠTUKOVÁ, Lucie
This bachelor thesis deals with the possibilities of physiotherapy treating children with evolutionary hip joint disorders. The theoretical part describes general background related to the issue. The content of the theoretical part brings a summary of findings related to the anatomic-physiologic relation of the hip joint, describes diagnostics and treatment of children affected by hip dysplasia and summarizes knowledge based on motor development of a child in relation to hip joints. Development Dysplasia of the Hip (DDH) belongs to the most frequent disorders of infant locomotor system and brings numerous morphological deviations that might include simple instability, subluxated or luxated femoral head or other serious pathologies. Therapy choice is then different, depending on the character of diagnosed deformities, and influences individual growth during development. Numerous factors contribute to DDH occurrence, originally the genetic factor used to be considered the main factor, new researches however mention influence of mechanic factors in prenatal live (e.g. foetus position during birth) as well as in postnatal live (e.g. forced deflection of legs immediately after birth or tight wrapping of an infant in swaddling clothes) and of higher hip capsular laxity. DDH treatment has undergone lots of changes during development. The Czech Republic is one of few states paying special attention to early detection and therapy. Research into the issue is linked to great figures like Zahradníček, Frejka, Pavlík and many more. Screening tests already start at maternity wards and continue to the following weeks of life in our conditions. Deviations are detected through clinical examinations performed by a paediatric orthopaedist and are based on images taken by various imaging methods. Therapy possibilities differ according to the joint damage character. Less serious hip joint deformities are treated by conservative methods including treatment with abduction aids including e.g. Frejka Pillow, Pavlík Stirrups and others. Surgery interventions and hospitalization have to be applied to more serious cases. DDH treatment is relatively successful nowadays and starts immediately after pathology detection. Nevertheless there are mixed opinions on treatment requirements among specialists. A lot of orthopaedists are satisfied with conservative treatment immediately after detection. Influence of this kind of therapy has its justification and its irreplaceable importance backed by numerous studies. Today?s physiotherapy tends to offer children with diagnosed DDH supportive rehabilitation methods that might enrich conservative treatment set by an orthopaedist. Cooperation with physiotherapists after successful treatment of children with DDH not only after surgical operations, but also after conservative treatment application is also developing. Children are often left to their own development after removal of abduction aids, which may be dangerous for future interplay of muscles (not activated before) after a long period of movement restriction. Qualitative research method in the form of elaborated case study of one patient with diagnosed DDH was chosen for the practical part. The thesis includes an introductory as well as final kinesiological analysis, description of the therapy course, the evaluation itself, communication with the mother and the physiotherapist in charge of the rehabilitation. The aim of the thesis was to point out the inseparable role of physiotherapy in treatment of children with DDH, to propose possible rehabilitation techniques for DDH treatment and to outline the way how Vojta method affects congenital hip joint disorders.
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Realization of Wheat on the Market Today
Havrdová, Lucie ; Kovářová, Kateřina (advisor) ; Škarková, Ludmila (referee)
This thesis deals with monetizing wheat on the domestic and foreign markets. The theoretical part contains basic morphological structure of plants, the method of growing wheat in the Czech Republic, the quality and characteristics on Czech and foreign markets. As well as analysis of prices and methods of monetizing wheat. Custom analyzes the cost and profitability of growing wheat on the domestic market in comparison with the physical person.
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Current possibilities of laboratory diagnosis of staphylococcal infections
CHRTOVÁ, Lucie
Laboratory diagnostics of Staphylococccal infections is based on direct evidence, like microscopy and cultivation, eventually on molecular genetics methods. The objective of this thesis is the presentation of nowadays possibilities in laboratory diagnostics of coagulase - negative staphylococcal infections and comparsion of two methods of identification used in the routine laboratory practice. First part of the thesis presents the genus Staphylococcus and the difference between it and the genuses Micrococcus and Peptococcus. The following part of this thesis shows the distribution of genus Staphylococcus in two main groups (Staphylococcus coagulase - positive and coagulase - negative), based on the ability to coagulate plasma. The description of these two main groups contains their morphological and cultivation features, antigen structure, virulence factors, pathogenesis and laboratory diagnostics. In the methodical part the pre-analytic and analytic phase is mentioned. The focus of the pre-analytic part the general priciples of collection and transport for microbiological analysis and the collection of material itself. The methodical part was performed in the České Budějovice Hospital - Laboratory of Medical Microbiology - Department of Bacteriology. This part of the thesis presents the differentiation of staphylococci by latex agglutination (PROLEX TM STAPH LATEX KIT) and then specific identification of 52 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from central venous catheters , hemocultures and other clinical important materials is following. The specific identification of all the 52 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci was performed by biochemical identification by STAPHYtest 16 (ErbaLachema) and parallel by mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF (system VITEK MSTM). The correct identification reached 96,2 % by the method of mass spectrometry MALDI-TOF and 67,3 % by biochemical identification STAPHYtest 16. The most frequent species isolated was Staphylococcus epidermidis (64 %), then Staphylococcus hominis ssp. hominis (10 %), Staphylococcus capitis (6 %), Staphylococcus warneri (6 %), Staphylococcus lugdunensis (4 %), Staphylococcus haemolyticus (4 %), Staphylococcus hominis (4 %), Staphylococcus caprae (2 %). The comparsion of both named methods shows the mass spectrometry more reliable, faster and simpler method, and more suitable for routine laboratory work.
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Cultivation and sensitivity of the stems of Streptococcus pyogenes from the mucus of nasopharynx and ears in children and their sensitivity to {$\beta$}-lactam antibiotics and makrolids
SIVOKOVÁ, Jaroslava
The topic Cultivation and sensitivity of the stems of Streptococcus pyogenes from the mucus of nasopharynx and ears in children and their sensitivity to {$\beta$}-lactam antibiotics and makrolids occupied my mind because I was interested in the question if the increased consumption of antibiotics and the following resistance occur also in this bacterium. Except for gaining practical knowledge on cultivation and identification of Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria the objective of the thesis was the investigation of its sensitivity to {$\beta$}-lactam antibiotics and makrolids. Further I was intersted in how the doctors for children and teenagers proceed in case of suspicion of streptococcus disease of upper airways. Also this topic was one of the objectives. The thesis is composed of two parts, theoretical and practial ones. In the theoretical part I first came out of available information on Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria. I describe its morphology and characteristics, factors of patogenics and virulence. This information is used during the cultivation of bacteria and its following identification. Further I mention the diseases which are caused by pyogenous streptococci. The part is also the description of antibiotics which are recommended for the treatment of the diseases caused by this bacteria. The second part includes the methods of cultivation and identification of Streptococcus pyogenes which are used in microbiology laboratory Laboma mikrobiologická laboratoř s.r.o. (Laboma microbiology laboratory Inc.). Identification methods come out of the application of PYR-test, latex agglutination and the use of identification system Api 20 Strep in ambiguous results. The results gained in microbiology laboratory show that the capture of Streptococcus pyogenes bacteria in diseases of upper airways created 4,4% from all smears sent into the laboratory. These diseases showed seasonal occurrence with the maximum in spring and winter. The results of sensititivity have shown that the sensitivity to penicilin was in 100% and to erythromycin in 91.6%. Cross-resistance between erythromycin and clindamycin ocurred in 57 cases (4.5 %). According to my investigation Streptococcus pyogenes caused otitis in 13 cases (2.7%). The highest ocurrence of otites caused by Streptococcus pyogenes emerged in spring. The stems isolated from ear mucuos were sensitive to penicilin in 100% and to erythromycin in 92.3%. These results apply to the material sent to microbiology laboratory Laboma mikrobiologická laboratoř s.r.o. (Laboma microbiology laboratory Inc.). To gain a complete picture I visited 20 doctors for children and teenagers who were willing to fill in my questionnaire. After the evaluation I found out that all questioned doctors are waiting for the results of cultivation and sensitivity of the stem to antibiotics if the clinical state of a patient is not serious. In preference they apply penicilin. Control smear is carried by most of the doctors only in recurrent infections. From the data of the laboratory I found out that three doctors send the material to the culture investigation and the following sensitivity of the stem to antibiotics after the failure of treatment in a patient.
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Actuoecology of testate amoebae in fresh water and soil environment in enteraction with fungi and their analysis with new microscopic techniques
Burdíková, Zuzana ; Holcová, Katarína (advisor) ; Jansa, Jan (referee) ; Hudáčková-Hlavatá, Natália (referee)
4 Abstract The present thesis focuses on testate amoebae (TA) and their relationship to their natural environment, as well as on relevant microscopic imaging methods. The bulk of the data has been published in original scientific papers and is compiled into three separate chapters (Pt I, Pt II and Pt III), each annotated by a brief introduction. (Pt I) The methods section is devoted to specialized microscopic techniques employed to broaden the scope of the ecological analyses. In particular, precise discrimination between live and dead individuals, biomass determination inside individual tests and a multi-modal visualization of the cytoplasm and organelles enhance the data. Laser scanning confocal microscopy and two-photon microscopy are the main imaging modalities employed to study TA morphology in detail. The data have implications for taxonomy and ecophysiology, including the use of TA as bioindicators of pollution. (Pt II) An actuoecological analysis focuses on the seasonal variability of TA species composition in a freshwater ecosystem, namely the Komo any ponds in Prague, during the course of the year. The species composition variation is correlated to simultaneously recorded limnological parameters such as temperature, pH, contamination by (heavy) metals (As, Cd, Mn, Ni, Fe, Pb), polycyclic aromatic...
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Hyaluronan in chondrogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells
Dvořáková, Jana ; Kobylka, Petr (advisor) ; Handl, Milan (referee) ; Petr, Jaroslav (referee)
6 SUMMARY OF THE THESIS The main aim of the project was to develop a methodological approach of in-vitro chondrogenic graft preparation. This graft should utilise mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) seeded in a hyaluronan based scaffold. A review of known hyaluronan derivatives with a potential for biological applications was prepared in the first phase of the project. (Sedova, Knotkova et al. 2007) As a result of the review, a hydrogel based on tyramine derivative of hyaluronan cross-linked by peroxidase (HA-TA scaffold) was chosen for the following research. A sufficiently rich, reliable and ethically acceptable source of MSCs was required. Washed bone marrow collection sets remaining after bone marrow collection for transplantation purposes was demonstrated to meet these needs. (Dvorakova, Hruba et al. 2008) MSCs reveal specific features, namely low seeding density and morphological changes during culture, which may affect the outcome of cell viability measurements in experiments. In order to solve this complication, three different methods of cell viability determination were compared, and the luminiscent detection of intracellular ATP was recommended for MSC applications. (Vistejnova, Dvorakova et al. 2009) Hyaluronan influence on chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs was evaluated in a pellet micromass system...
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WE and THEY – Names of Foreigners in Czech Literature
Procházková, Žaneta
Authors usually choose “typical“ or “common“ names for foreigners in literary works. Names are understanded as “typical“ because of their origin, form and frequency of presence in real world. According to my opinion a signal of attribute of character’s “foreignness“ is more important than typicalness (i.e. classification function). Graphic form of the name, its phonetic or morphologic structure can be a signal of the foreignness.
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