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Nutrition and other factors, which have influence on the formation and prevention of colorectal cancer
BENEŠOVÁ, Lucie
The full title of my bachelor thesis is Nutrition and Other Factors Influencing the Development and Prevention of Colorectal Cancer. In the theory section of the paper I have concentrated on clarifying the term "colorectal cancer", its epidemiology, and furthermore, on diet and other risk factors concerning the development and prevention of this disease. In this theory section I have included information about screening tests for occult bleeding. I have addressed the key objectives in the practical section of the thesis. I had set two key objectives. The first was to research how well respondents were informed concerning diets beneficial in the prevention of colorectal cancer, and the second objective concentrated on assessing the respondents' behaviour in relation to the information they had acquired. The research questions were formulated thus: "How well are people informed about diets aimed at preventing colorectal cancer?" and "Do people behave according to information thus gained?" The qualitative research method a semi-structured interview was used for the research section. Ten male respondents over the age of 45 took part in the interview. Five of these males were Dr Ilona Paseková's outpatients all with a genetic disposition to colorectal cancer, with most experiencing problems related to this disease. The other five respondents were without any predispositions. After receiving answers to the questions posed to the respondents, I wanted to compare both groups in order to ascertain whether those with a genetic predisposition showed a greater interest in this disease. Furthermore, I wanted to find out whether those respondents were actively seeking information concerning the prevention or treatment of colorectal and anal cancer. All those interviewed were very open and willing to answer questions. Collection of data was carried out from January 2014 to March 2014. The conclusions of this thesis show that public awareness of colorectal cancer and its prevention is inadequate. Public awareness of diets beneficial in the prevention of colorectal cancer is markedly poor, even among high-risk respondents. Having observed this lack of awareness, I proceeded to question respondents as to their dietary and lifestyle habits. Furthermore, the respondents were asked if they were aware that colorectal cancer screening was available in the Czech Republic. The results showed that some respondents, however unaware of diets beneficial in the prevention of colorectal cancer, follow a healthy diet, thus fulfilling dieticians' recommendations concerning the prevention of this disease. When asked about preventive foods, respondents most often mentioned brassicas broccoli and cabbage, etc. Conversely, the most often mentioned foods said to increase the risk of disease were smoked meat and red meat. One respondent mentioned the preventive affects of shark cartilage. I was very surprised by this assertion and subsequently searched the internet for information relating to shark cartilage. To my surprise, I found that the respondent was indeed not mistaken, and that statements to that effect can be found on websites promoting dietary supplements containing shark cartilage extract. According to these sources sharks do not suffer from cancer and therefore, their cartilage is closely studied and dietary supplements containing its extracts are produced. Furthermore, I intended to compare two groups of respondents those with genetic dispositions and those without. After carrying out the respective interviews, their comparison appeared to be futile. In both groups I identified respondents who followed a healthy diet and lifestyle as well as those who did not. I found that there is no relation between high-risk habits and predisposition to colorectal cancer. Whether a respondent with such a predisposition decided to follow a healthy diet or change his dietary habits and lifestyle or not was purely a question of his personal preferences.
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Infection risks of nursers at the inpatient wards
KUČÍRKOVÁ, Alena
Theoretical backround Working as a nurse is one the most human jobs, by serving to people, taking care and preserve health of a human, which is considered to be the highest value of human life for centuries. The aim of nurses is to take care of a human, to mitigate his or her symptoms and to comfort the life till its end if there is no possibility for full recovery. While they do previously described most of them are not aware of a need to take into account also their own health and especially protection against all dangerous microbes. In my bachelor thesis I analyse infection diseases sometimes also called occupational infections which are the most dangerous for nurses. All occupational infections are stated here together with their descriptions. In following parts of this thesis there are hygiene requirements on the workspace and finally in the last section hygienic-epidemic actions in a health care system are described. Objectives of this thesis Objective 1 Determine whether nurses comply with preventive actions against risks of infections. Objective 2 Determine whether nurses know risks of infections at patients departments. Objective 3 Determine whether nurses know how to defend their spread. Research questions Research Question 1: How do nurses protect themselves against risks of infections? Research Question 2: What information do nurses have about risks of infections in health care system? Research Question 3: In which way do nurses prevent the spread of infection to a de- partment? Methodology The bachelor thesis presents a qualitative research. Methods and techniques of a data collection, which we used in the work were participant observation and semi-structured interviews. The survey was carried out with 6 respondents in anesthesiology and resuscitation departments, surgical and internal intensive care units and intermediate care unit at Nemocnice České Budějvice a.s. The research method of an active observation was used during the survey. We observed certain facts that were recorded during the observation to a observation sheet (Appendix 4) and then transcribed and analysed. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews. The interview was conducted with the same respondents who were observed and recorded in a written form and then overwritten (Appendix 6). Results The results of the observations in the research study showed that nurses unfortunately do not comply with barrier nursing techniques as much as they should. The only thing that they fully comply with the overall finish, wear prescribed clothing and collection of biological material according to hygienic principles. Worse situation was in the using of protective equipment, disinfection and hand washing and eating food, where it did not comply 100%. In the next part of the research we focused on interviews with the observed respondents, the purpose was to find things that could not be identified by the only observing. The results showed that nurses do not even have much theoretical knowledge as regards to a occupational infection, or an injury treatment procedure when infected by an object. Conclusion The survey showed that while most nurses have a clue about good practices and knowledge of the occupational infections and hygienic-epidemiological measures ,but unfortunately theory is different from practice in which these things too oblivious. It emerged that unfortunately practice is different than the theory that we learn at universities and colleges.
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Antioxidant, anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory effect of fruits, vegetables and mushrooms in vitro
Doskočil, Ivo ; Havlík, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Orsák, Matyáš (referee)
Recently there has been an increasing interest in discovering of new species of plants and mushrooms which have antioxidant or anti proliferative activity. The interest is caused by the fact that these species have medicinal and food utilization. These properties of plants and mushrooms can be used when dealing with many diseases which may be connected with oxidative stress (inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, and tumour disease, etc.).
The thesis propounds characteristics of in vitro antioxidant and anti proliferative activity of 19 types of juices and 28 methanol extracts of fruits and vegetables, which are common parts of a diet. In the thesis there are also characteristics of 13 ethanol extracts of edible mushrooms of the order of Polypore (Popyporales). Antioxidant activity was quantifie by 2, 2 diphenyl 1 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production. Cytotoxicity was measured by MTT (3 (4,5 dimethylthiazol 2 yl) 2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide. Immunomodulatory activity was determined by an assay of phagocytic activity of human neutrophil granulocytes. Further a total phenolic content (TPC) and total beta glucan content were investigated; these are considered to be the potentially active constituents participating in mentioned activities.
From the obtained results it is evident that juices (TPC = 1603.2 mg GAE/L; ORAC = 438.5 umol TE/g)
and a bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) fruit extract (ORAC 836.6 umol TE/g; DPPH = 404.6 umol TE/g) showed
the highest antioxidant activity of all tested samples of fruits and vegetables. Capsicum (Capsicum L.)
juices (TPC = 642.1 mg GAE/L; ORAC = 127.9 umol TE/g) and a radish (Raphanus sativus L.) extract
(ORAC 724.5 umol TE/g; DPPH = 52.2 umol TE/g) also proved to have the high values of antioxidant activity. From the tested fruits and vegetables the following inhibited to produce a nitric oxide: onion (Allium cepa L) juices (lowered the NO production by 57%), tangerine juices (Citrus reticulata Blanco)(by 52%), broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis italic) extract (by 21%), and orange (Citrus sinensis Pers.) extract (by 10%). Concerning edible
mushrooms, Lentinus tigrinus (Bull.) Fr. (TPC = 216.2 umol GAE/g of extract), Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Kras (TPC = 257.9 umol GAE/g of extract), and Royoporus badius (Pers.) A.B. De (TPC = 257.8 umol GAE/g of extract) presented the highest phenolic content. Sparassis crispa (Wulfen) Fr. (117.4 mg/g of extract) had the highest content of beta glucan. Substantial effect on phagocytic activity of granulocytes was noticed in connection with Neolentinus lepideus (Fr.) Redhead & Ginns, Polyporus squamosus (Huds.) Fr., and S. crispa. In connection with the latter of mentioned mushrooms, a moderate inhibitory effect towards HT 29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cell line
(IC50 = 107 ug/ml of extract) was noticed.
The results indicate that the tested plants and mushrooms can be beneficial when reducing the negative effects of oxidative stress. The oxidative stress has been recognized as a contributing factor to a whole range of diseases and the reduction of the oxidative stress may lead to the decrease in the possibility of the diseases´ progression. The results show the possible favourable effects on the human health. When evaluating the results, the following fact should be taken into consideration; the in vitro tests and screenings are considered to be the first phase of systematic research of the effects and serve for the choice of respondents for further detailed studies.
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Non-invasive methods for sex and steroid homones determination in gibbons of the genus Nomascus
Bolechová, Petra ; Bartoš, Luděk (advisor) ; Pavel, Pavel (referee)
The gibbon primates of the family Nomascus are classified as critically endangered species, and, to date, basic understanding and information about their biology is missing. With regard to the status of these animals in the wild and captive populations in zoos, being familiar with their reproduction, may improve captive breeding programs. Data collection in this study was to be carried out by the practical use of non-invasive methods (polymerase chain reaction for DNA extraction and enzyme immunoassays), using faecal samples for analysis. The first method, polymerase chain reaction, was used for sex determination in juveniles, because of their coat colour and visual similarity of secondary sex characteristic in both sexes; it is not possible to determinate sex without handling the animal. Another main purpose of this study is to try and answer the hypothesis regarding the ovarian cycle of females, factors influencing their hormone concentration and also the onset of sexual maturity in females and the timing of their fur colour change. Hypotheses were checked by monitoring the concentration of progesterone and oestrogen faecal metabolites and by evaluation of the composition of breeding groups of gibbons with the ZOO influence. During a four year period (from 2010 till 2014), there were a total of 51 animals analysed from 16 different zoos with a faecal sample count totalling 1618 samples. The results confirmed the use of noninvasive methods for sex determination, and thus ensuring the maximum welfare standards. Endocrinological analysis confirmed the hypothesis of the influence of the environment (ZOO) to the hormone concentrations and female´s pregnancy effect in conjunction with her age on the final results of the male - father hormone concentrations. The initial information in this study is the confirmation of the onset of ovarian cycle in young females without connection to their fur colour change and a significant factor of a mother´s impact and her territoriality. This study is the first to present a long term monitoring of ovarian cycles in females and hormone concentrations of other individuals, both male and female, and from various age groups. The results allow us to understand the possible impact of zoo environments on the reproductive status of these gibbons and contribute to the general improvement of breeding management.
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The collection of published articles
DVOŘÁK, Petr
The aim of the collection of published articles is to define the requisite social skills of the English language teacher as a part of his/her professional competence, in the context of communicative language teaching in classroom interactions between English teachers and adolescent pupils. The theoretical preliminaries of the research whose findings are presented in the articles are the functional communicative approach to language and communicative language teaching. The attention is paid to the processes of interaction, communication and classroom discourse at school with an emphasis on foreign language teaching. We try to specify social skills of the English teacher and define social-skill aspects of foreign language educational interactions. The findings of the research presented in the articles concern mainly the educational style of English teachers and English teacher's behaviour in particular classroom interactions. The research is also focused on selected social-skill aspects of classroom discourse within communicative language teaching, specifically, pupils' and teachers' initiations of communication, questions, and the distribution of communication opportunities.
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Partial Report IV / 2016 - Rating of the deformation stress monitoring the state of the rock mass during mining coal seam 30 (634) within the trial operation of mining method corridor - a pillar in OPJ ČSM - NORTH
Waclawik, Petr ; Ptáček, Jiří ; Kukutsch, Radovan ; Kajzar, Vlastimil ; Koníček, Petr ; Souček, Kamil ; Staš, Lubomír
Monitoring of the deformation stress state of the rock mass is a prerequisite for the verification of unapproved new mining methods hall-pillar and its further application in the Czech part of the Upper Silesian coal basin. This mining method is designed on the basis of experiences and practices that are verified in different natural conditions and depths below the surface and is therefore essential for the verification of conditions for the Czech part of the Upper Silesian Basin based on geotechnical monitoring. The present report is prepared on the basis of a contract no. 942/50/10, where the Institute of Geonics, v.v agrees to make periodic evaluation of monitoring data napěťodeformačního state of the rock mass. In accordance with the aforementioned agreement, the message is processed in the six-month period and continues in the interim report III / 2015 (Waclawik et al. 2015) passed buyers in April this year. Interim results of the geotechnical monitoring, such as the experience gained during the first conquest dobývky V show specifics of natural conditions in trial operation unapproved new mining methods hall-pillar.
Fulltext: content.csg -  PDF
Plný tet: UGN_0464907 - PDF
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Acceleration of Object Detection Using Classifiers
Juránek, Roman ; Kälviäinen, Heikki (referee) ; Sojka, Eduard (referee) ; Zemčík, Pavel (advisor)
Detekce objektů v počítačovém vidění je složítá úloha. Velmi populární a rozšířená metoda pro detekci je využití statistických klasifikátorů a skenovacích oken. Pro učení kalsifikátorů se často používá algoritmus AdaBoost (nebo jeho modifikace), protože dosahuje vysoké úspěšnosti detekce, nízkého počtu chybných detekcí a je vhodný pro detekci v reálném čase. Implementaci detekce objektů je možné provést různými způsoby a lze využít vlastnosti konkrétní architektury, pro urychlení detekce. Pro akceleraci je možné využít grafické procesory, vícejádrové architektury, SIMD instrukce, nebo programovatelný hardware. Tato práce představuje metodu optimalizace, která vylepšuje výkon detekce objektů s ohledem na cenovou funkci zadanou uživatelem. Metoda rozděluje předem natrénovaný klasifikátor do několika různých implementací, tak aby celková cena klasifikace byla minimalizována. Metoda je verifikována na základním experimentu, kdy je klasifikátor rozdělen do předzpracovací jednotku v FPGA a do jednotky ve standardním PC.
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Analysis and Testing of Concurrent Programs
Letko, Zdeněk ; Lourenco, Joao (referee) ; Sekanina, Lukáš (referee) ; Vojnar, Tomáš (advisor)
V disertační práci je nejprve uvedena taxonomie chyb v souběžném zpracování dat a přehled technik pro jejich dynamickou detekci. Následně jsou navrženy nové metriky pro měření synchronizace a souběžného chování programů společně s metodologií jejich odvozování. Tyto techniky se zejména uplatní v testování využívajícím techniky prohledávání prostoru a v saturačním testování. Práce dále představuje novou heuristiku vkládání šumu, jejímž cílem je maximalizace proložení instrukcí pozorovaných během testování. Tato heuristika je porovnána s již existujícími heuristikami na několika testech. Výsledky ukazují, že nová heuristika překonává ty existující v určitých případech. Nakonec práce představuje inovativní aplikaci stochastických optimalizačních algoritmů v procesu testování vícevláknových aplikací. Principem metody je hledání vhodných kombinací parametrů testů a metod vkládání šumu. Tato metoda byla prototypově implementována a otestována na množině testovacích příkladů. Výsledky ukazují, že metoda má potenciál vyznamně vylepšit testování vícevláknových programů.
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Acceleration Methods for Evolutionary Design of Digital Circuits
Vašíček, Zdeněk ; Miller, Julian (referee) ; Zelinka,, Ivan (referee) ; Sekanina, Lukáš (advisor)
Ačkoliv můžeme v literatuře nalézt řadu příkladů prezentujících evoluční návrh jakožto zajímavou a slibnou alternativu k tradičním návrhovým technikám používaným v oblasti číslicových obvodů, praktické nasazení je často problematické zejména v důsledku tzv. problému škálovatelnosti, který se projevuje např. tak, že evoluční algoritmus je schopen poskytovat uspokojivé výsledky pouze pro malé instance řešeného problému. Vážný problém představuje tzv. problém škálovatelnosti evaluace fitness funkce, který je markantní zejména v oblasti syntézy kombinačních obvodů, kde doba potřebná pro ohodnocení kandidátního řešení typicky roste exponenciálně se zvyšujícím se počtem primárních vstupů. Tato disertační práce se zabývá návrhem několika metod umožňujících redukovat problem škálovatelnosti evaluace v oblasti evolučního návrhu a optimalizace číslicových systémů. Cílem je pomocí několika případových studií ukázat, že s využitím vhodných akceleračních technik jsou evoluční techniky schopny automaticky navrhovat inovativní/kompetitivní řešení praktických problémů. Aby bylo možné redukovat problém škálovatelnosti v oblasti evolučního návrhu číslicových filtrů, byl navržen doménově specifický akcelerátor na bázi FPGA. Tato problematika reprezentuje případ, kdy je nutné ohodnotit velké množství trénovacích dat a současně provést mnoho generací. Pomocí navrženého akcelerátoru se podařilo objevit efektivní implementace různých nelineárních obrazových filtrů. S využitím evolučně navržených filtrů byl vytvořen robustní nelineární filtr implusního šumu, který je chráněn užitným vzorem. Navržený filtr vykazuje v porovnání s konvenčními řešeními vysokou kvalitu filtrace a nízkou implementační cenu. Spojením evolučního návrhu a technik známých z oblasti formální verifikace se podařilo vytvořit systém umožňující výrazně redukovat problém škálovatelnosti evoluční syntézy kombinačních obvodů na úrovni hradel. Navržená metoda dovoluje produkovat komplexní a přesto kvalitní řešení, která jsou schopna konkurovat komerčním nástrojům pro logickou syntézu. Navržený algoritmus byl experimentálně ověřen na sadě několika benchmarkových obvodů včetně tzv. obtížně syntetizovatelných obvodů, kde dosahoval v průměru o 25% lepších výsledků než dostupné akademické i komerční nástroje. Poslední doménou, kterou se práce zabývá, je akcelerace evolučního návrhu lineárních systémů. Na příkladu evolučního návrhu násobiček s vícenásobnými konstantními koeficienty bylo ukázáno, že čas potřebný k evaluaci kandidátního řešení lze výrazně redukovat (defacto na ohodocení jediného testovacího vektoru), je-li brán v potaz charakter řešeného problému (v tomto případě linearita).
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Stability and convergence of numerical computations
Sehnalová, Pavla ; Dalík, Josef (referee) ; Horová, Ivana (referee) ; Kunovský, Jiří (advisor)
Tato disertační práce se zabývá analýzou stability a konvergence klasických numerických metod pro řešení obyčejných diferenciálních rovnic. Jsou představeny klasické jednokrokové metody, jako je Eulerova metoda, Runge-Kuttovy metody a nepříliš známá, ale rychlá a přesná metoda Taylorovy řady. V práci uvažujeme zobecnění jednokrokových metod do vícekrokových metod, jako jsou Adamsovy metody, a jejich implementaci ve dvojicích prediktor-korektor. Dále uvádíme generalizaci do vícekrokových metod vyšších derivací, jako jsou např. Obreshkovovy metody. Dvojice prediktor-korektor jsou často implementovány v kombinacích modů, v práci uvažujeme tzv. módy PEC a PECE. Hlavním cílem a přínosem této práce je nová metoda čtvrtého řádu, která se skládá z dvoukrokového prediktoru a jednokrokového korektoru, jejichž formule využívají druhých derivací. V práci je diskutována Nordsieckova reprezentace, algoritmus pro výběr proměnlivého integračního kroku nebo odhad lokálních a globálních chyb. Navržený přístup je vhodně upraven pro použití proměnlivého integračního kroku s přístupe vyšších derivací. Uvádíme srovnání s klasickými metodami a provedené experimenty pro lineární a nelineární problémy.
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