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Residuals of pharmaceuticals in waters
Vašíčková, Petra ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on studying synthetic pharmaceuticals spreading into the aquatic ecosystem. Ketoprofen and diclofenac, non-steroidal analgetics were studied. The aim of this work is to develop both a suitable analytic method for analytes isolation from a given matrix and an optimal technique for identification and determination of analgetics residues in waters. Solid phase extraction (SPE) was employed as the separation method for isolation of given pharmaceuticals and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with diode-array detection was used for their determination. The optimised and validation method was used to model samples of water. Obtained results were evaluated and their interpretation was done.
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Determination of selected xenobiotics in plant bioindicators
Čechová, Eliška ; Čáslavský, Josef (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Monitoring of environment is basic aspect of detection of environment state. It is practice by analysis of water, air, soil and bioindicators. This thesis is aimed at elected bioindicators of plant origin, needles of pine-tree and spruce, and at determination of chosen xenobiotic, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in this bioindicators. PBDE are used as flame retardants and they are occurred in all components of environment, thanks to their properties and ability of bioaccumulation. In thesis is described separation of substances from sample using different extraction techniques and final gas chromatography. Experimental part is aimed at sample preparation, determination of chosen congeners PBDE and comparison of effectivity of used extraction techniques.
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Artificial sweeteners and their potential impact on the ecosystem
Vavrčíková, Veronika ; Mravcová, Ludmila (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
This diploma thesis deals with the determination and ecotoxicological assessment of artificial sweeteners. The diploma was focused on monitoring the most commonly used sweeteners, which includes acesulfam-K, cyclamate, saccharin and sucralose. These sweeteners were analyzed by liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry, using solid phase extraction for their concentration. The samples for their determination were taken from wastewater treatment plant in Modrice. Artificial sweeteners are synthetically produced substances, which is the main reason for their occurrence in waste water. Some of them are not efficiently removed from the wastewater treatment plant and penetrate into the environment. Analysis of the samples was found, that sucralose penetrates into the environment. The ecotoxicological effect of the sweeteners was evaluated via aquatic organisms, namely on the freshwater crustaceans Thamnocephalus platyurus and Daphnia magna, on the water plant Lemna minor, and the battery of tests was supplemented by a representative of the destructors Vibrio fischeri. For all sweeteners, LC20, EC20 and IC20 values were determined. For some sweeteners, LC50, EC50 and IC50 values were also determined. During testing, saccharin represented the highest toxicity.
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Epidemiological study of obesity in populations of different racial, cultural, economic and dietary background
Zelenková, Miroslava ; Lukešová, Daniela (advisor) ; Martin, Martin (referee)
Cílem práce bylo zjistit a zhodnotit, zda provedení adjustabilní žaludeční bandáže (bariatrická léčba) u morbidně obézních pacientů (BMI>35) vede k signifikantnímu snížení hodnoty BMI a dále na základě vybraných kritérií zhodnotit současnou situaci v oblasti obezity ve světě. Byly stanoveny dvě hypotézy: H1: provedení adjustabilní žaludeční bandáže morbidně obézním pacientům vede k signifikantnímu snížení BMI a hypotéza H2: existují rozdíly v hodnotách BMI v závislosti na geografick&eacu te;m původu, pohlaví, kulturních a ekonomických odlišnostech. Sledování se uskutečnila v klinickém centru ISCARE I.V.F. a. s. v Praze na pracovišti Centra pro léčbu obezity. Byla statisticky zpracována a zhodnocena data 159 obézních pacientů (BMI>35) operovaných v rámci bariatrické chirurgie metodou adjustabilní gastrické bandáže (věk, pohlaví, stupeň dosaženého vzdělání, hodnota BMI před operačním výkonem, 1. týden po operaci, 1 měsíc po operaci, 3 měsíce po operaci, 6 měsíců po operaci, 1 rok po operaci a komplikace související s výkonem a léčbou) a dále data WHO o hodnotách BMI podle geografického regionu, pohlaví, kulturních a ekonomických odlišností.
Hypotéza H1 byla potvrzena. Po adjustabilní žaludeční bandáži dochází u pacientů k statisticky významnému poklesu (P<0,05) hodnoty BMI (ze 42,27 - + 5,58 na 35,13 - + 6,0). Pokles hodnoty BMI není závislý na věku pacienta ani na pohlaví pacienta, avšak je signifikantně (P<0,05) ovlivněn stupněm dosaženého vzdělání. Nejlepších výsledků bylo dosaženo u vysokoškolsky vzdělaných pacientů. Procento komplikací (4,4%) po operačním zákroku bylo vzhledem k počtu provedených zákroků nízké. Také hypotéza H2 byla potvrzena. Byly prokázány rozdíly v z& aacute;vislosti na geografickém regionu, pohlaví, kulturních a ekonomických odlišnostech. První místo v dosažené hodnotě BMI zaujímá Severní Amerika, naopak nízké hodnoty BMI vykazují státy Subsaharské Afriky, u evropské populace byl zjištěn vyšší BMI u mužů nežli u žen v porovnání se zbývajícími hodnocenými oblastmi. Muži Severní Ameriky zaujímají první místo svou hodnotou BMI, zatímco u žen je to Střední Východ a Severní Afrika. Byl zjištěn pouze statisticky nevýznamný nárůst BMI v jednotlivých oblastech světa. Existuje signifikantní rozdíl (P< 0,05) v hodnotách BMI mezi ekonomicky vyspělými a ekonomicky méně vysp ělými státy. V ekonomicky méně vyspělých zemích existují rozdíly mezi BMI žen a mužů, kdy ženy mají průkazně vyšší (P< 0,05) hodnoty BMI oproti mužům. Obecně nejvyšší BMI vykazují státy s křesťanskou kulturou, poté státy s kulturou islámskou a nakonec státy ovlivněné buddhismem a hinduismem. U ekonomicky méně vyspělých států je dosahováno nejvyššího BMI u křesťanských států, naopak z ekonomicky vyspělých států mají nejvyšší hodnotu BMI státy s islámskou kulturou.
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Biologically Active Metabolites of Plants. III. Alkaloids from Chelidonium Majus L. and Their Neurotropic and Antioxidant Activity
Šebestová, Lenka ; Cahlíková, Lucie (advisor) ; Opletal, Lubomír (referee)
Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Departement: Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology Candidate: Mgr. Lenka Šebestová Adviser: Ing. Lucie Cahlíková, PhD. Thesis title: Biologically active metabolites of plants. III. Alkaloids from Chelidonium majus L. and their neurotropic and antioxidant activity. The aim of this thesis, which followed the diploma thesis, was final treatment of alkaloid fraction of benzophenanthridine alkaloids from Chelidonium majus, the isolation of minimum one alkaloid in pure form and to determine of its cholinesterase and antioxidative activity. Using column chromatography, prep. TLC and crystallization were isolated two benzophanathridine alkaloids marked as LŠ3 and LŠ4. First compound LŠ3 has been identified by comparation of their spectral data with those reported in the literature. LŠ4 has been identified on the basis of thein MS, NMR spectra and consultations. The activity of both alkaloids again erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (HuAChE) and plasma butyrylcholinesterase (HuBuChE) were determined. Values of IC50 were calculated for both alkaloids (IC50 (HuAChE) = 3,25 ± 0,24 µM, IC50 (HuBuChE) = 4,51 ± 0,31 µM, 6-ethoxydihydrochelerythrin: IC50 (HuAChE) = 0,83 ± 0,04 µM, IC50 Hu(BuChE) = 4,20 ± 0,19 µM). Both alkaloids showed...
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Lifestyle of patients with peripheral arterial disease before and after surgery
REZKOVÁ, Helena
Theoretical background: Peripheral arterial disease is a serious disease of Loir limb arteries which originates from atherosclerosis. The theoretical part deals with the lifestyle. There are mentioned basic risk factors of chronic forms. Further described are the pathophysiology changes generated on the basis of atherosclerosis and related causes for the origin of the disease. Subsequently there are explained methods of classification, developed clinical symptoms, diagnosis and therapy. This section also looks at the role of a nurse in the care of patients with peripheral arterial disease. Objectives: The aim of this work was to evaluate how patients with peripheral arterial disease changed their lifestyle after invasive vascular surgery. There were provided the following research questions: How do patients with peripheral arterial disease approach to the prevention of risk factors? What is in patients with peripheral arterial disease the main impuls for the possible change of their lifestyle? What influences surgery patient's attitude to risk factors for peripheral arterial disease? How crucial is a lifestyle change in patients after surgery for peripheral arterial disease? Methods: The theoretical part is processed using expert sources. The empirical part of the theses was processed using qualitative research. The chosen technique for data collection was semi-structured interviews with patients, with prepared open questions. The research was done in several phases - the first interview was conducted at the patient admission department (before surgery), followed by the next phase after three months, and 6 months after surgery. The interviews were recorded on a prepared form, then transcribed into electronic form and analyzed by open coding method. Results: The research showed that surgery can sometimes be triggered by changes in the patient's lifestyle. The first interviews in the preoperative period focused on how respondents felt, what was their lifestyle before surgery for atherosclerotic changes of the lower extremities. One of the questions was focused on patient knowledge about risk factors for the development of PAD and possible prevention. The second phase of interviews took place 3 months after the surgery. It dealt with the question about the respndents´ lifestyle, the respondents in the postoperative period, whether there were any changes. Some positive changes occurred in eating and there were some changes in doing physical activity. The third stage was carried out six months after surgery, again in order to detect changes in lifestyle. Minor changes came in smoking habits, the issue of diet and physical aktivity. Questions were also focused on the psychological level. We found out who helped patients and what was most motivating in implementing changes. In the conclusion/summing up question the patients marked themselves ow they managed to make a change. Conclusion: The number of patients with peripheral arterial disease and other cardiovascular diseases is increasing. The basis is the start to modify risk factors, namely tobacco use,dietary habits, physical activity. The medical staff members participate on changes in patients´ lifestyle by appropriate education. The problem occurs when the patient despite the support of close people can not cope to carry a twist in their life. There should a medical staff member offer a professional help to deal with this important step. Practical use: The aim is to draw attention to the expansion of education about lifestyle changes for patients diagnosed with PAD also in the postoperative period. Patients who are released to home care should receive enough information that would convince them to change their attitude towards their health, and that surgery is only one of the ways to prevent further attacks and complications. Results can improve communication with patients and focus on increasing their awareness and possibly offer assistance.
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Comparison of HPLC a GC-MS method for pesticide determination in soil
Chalbia Václavíková, Alena ; Kočárek, Martin (advisor) ; Havlík, Jaroslav (referee)
Physical and chemical properties of pesticides may vary significantly. Pesticides can be acidic, neutral or alkaline. Some compounds containing phosphorus, other sulfur, nitrogen or halogens. These atoms can be important for the detection of pesticides. Some of the compounds are volatile, others on the contrary not evaporate, which is also one of the important properties for chromatography. The diversity of pesticides actually makes it impossible to create a universal method, which is very impractical in terms of quality and time determination. Because that pesticides are one of the most chemicals in most countries. In the food and drinking water are limits on pesticides in order to avoid negative impact on public health. For residues in soil or surface water limits are set. (Lutz et al., 2006)
The objective of this thesis is to evaluate the possibility of using two types of chromatographs with different detectors for the analysis of pesticide. Pendimethalin which was chosen for this work, will be analyzed usinga liquid chromatograph with UV detektor and gas chromatography with mass detector. Both this method will be compared as well two extraction methods (Soxhlet extraction and shaking), and two extraction agents (methanol and acetonitrile).
Another point of the work is to provethe hypothesis that, for the determination of pendimethalin in soil is by gas chromatography using a mass spectrometer in comparison with the high performance liquid chromatography time and more expensive, but will achieve a higher yield and a lower detection limit of the pesticide.
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Development and validation of HPLC method for determination of retinyl esters in human serum using monolithic columns.
Krčmová, Lenka ; Solich, Petr (advisor) ; Šatínský, Dalibor (referee)
DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF HPLC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF RETINYL ESTERS IN HUMAN SERUM USING MONOLITHIC COLUMN Absorption test of vitamin A is used for monitoring of intestinal permeability and may represent a sensitive indicator of intestinal damage. In this study, a simple and rapid reversed- phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) procedure for selective and sensitive determination of retinol, -tocopherol, retinyl-palmitate and retinyl-stearate in blood serum has been developed and used for the monitoring of intestinal mucosal damage in cancer patients treated with cytotoxic drugs after absorption test of vitamin A. The HPLC instrumentation Series 200 LC from Perkin Elmer (Norwalk, USA) with diode- array detector (DAD) was used for the analysis. Separation of retinol, -tocopherol, retinyl- palmitate and retinyl-stearate were performed using the monolithic column Chromolith Performance RP-18e, 100 x 4.6 mm (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The gradient elution was used at the flow rate 3 ml min-1 ; mobile phase methanol:water (95:5) in 0-2.1 min and methanol:2-propanol (60:40) in 2.1-4.9 min. The total time of analysis was 6 min. The injection volume of sample was 20 μl and analysis was done at ambient temperature. The detection of retinol, -tocopherol and retinyl esters was carried out...
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Business plan of an e-shop
Kuděj, Jan ; Boukal, Petr (advisor) ; Krause, Josef (referee)
This bachelor's thesis is focused on creation of a business plan of an e-shop which will be offering dietary supplements and sports equipment. The main goal of the thesis is to evaluate the viability of the business plan. In theoretical part are defined the basic terms concerning entrepreneurship and business plan. Then in the practical part, there is the concrete business plan, which consists of a description of the business opportunity, determination of strategic goals using SMART method, competition analysis, description of potential markets, marketing mix, SWOT analysis and financial plan.
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