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Automated Measurement of Ultrasound Markers of Congenital Fetal Abnormalities
Szpyrc, Bogdan ; Kolář, Radim (referee) ; Provazník, Ivo (advisor)
This work deals with displaying and measuring ultrasonic markers of congenital defects of the fetus in first trimester of pregnancy. Background research of ultrasonic markers was based on the studies of prof. Kypros Nicolaides (Great Britain), the president of the Fetal Medicine Foundation. This work contains a brief description of diagnosing of congenital defects during all three trimesters, and lists in detail defects that can be diagnosed properly during first trimester, as well as methods of calculating the risk of chromosomal abnormalities. In the next parts of this work, there are descriptions of methods used to improve results while measuring nuchal translucence (NT) strongest marker of Down syndrome in first trimester. The imaging capabilities of ultrasound devices were tested. Using scanned images, the influence of different display parameters on the resolution could be determined. Furthermore, using recommendations of the FMF, algorithms for adjusting correct slice of fetus and automatic measurement NT were designed and tested. A program application was designed that enabled testing of those algorithms on real images and calculating risks of chromosomal abnormalities from CRL and NT value. Designed algorithms were tested on real images. The program application, in witch the algorithms for measuring NT (NT detection algorithms) are included, was created.
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Prenatal screening for congenital malformations of the fetus
VLKOJANOVÁ, Lucie
This Thesis describes the prenatal screening objectives, giving account of the individual screenings being carried out at various stages of pregnancy, their significance and importance. Causes behind the innate defects and their breakdown are further discussed. The individual biochemical markers that form a part of biochemical screening are described in detail. The Thesis deals with invasive and non-invasive techniques in prenatal diagnostics. The Thesis followed as its goal the efforts to find out whether or not and how the gravidas are informed of the prenatal screening potentials, if their approach to the issue is active, if they really take a recommended screening. Within its last objective the Thesis was to identify the women who gave birth to a child with an inborn defect despite that they had taken the screening.
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Prevalence of asymmetric lateral disability on musculoskeletal apparatus in the neonatal age and infancy
Hanzlová, Andrea ; Nováková, Tereza (advisor) ; Maršáková, Kateřina (referee)
Title: Prevalence of asymmetric lateral disability on musculoskeletal apparatus in the neonatal age and infancy. Objective: The purpose of this research thesis was to compile issues of possible types of asymmetric musculoskeletal impairment observed in neonates and infants, identify potential causes of these asymmetries and lateral predilection for reported types of asymmetries. The main subject of discussion are just found lateral predilection of asymmetries and relationship of their causes with prenatal, perinatal or postnatal period. Methods: This thesis is structured in the form of literary research and has descriptively- analytical character. Results: On the basis of the analysis of available sources about the asymmetric musculoskeletal impairment in neonates and infants a comprehensive picture of possible types of these impairment, their causes and lateral predilections was made. The vast majority of reported asymmetric impairment seems related to prenatal or perinatal period. Key words: asymmetry in infancy, birth injuries, congenital defects, positional preference
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The problem of infertility and the methods of resolving..
Semyakina, Anastasiya ; Peterka, Miroslav (advisor) ; Novotná, Božena (referee)
4 Abstract This diploma thesis is concerned with modern methods of treatment for infertility. It examines to what extent and in what cases are these methods used and what risk does it pose for a woman's and a child's health. Paticular emphasis is placed on the methods of assisted reproductive technology as the most used, effective and the most invasive. Nowadays 10-15% of couples face the problem of infertility. In most of the cases this problem can be solved with the help of hormonal therapy, surgery or assisted reproductive technology. The most common complication of ART (assisted reproductive technology) is ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome which leads to higher frequency of miscarriages and can be fatal for a woman. Since more that one embryo is usually transferred in ART children conceived with the help of this method can face different problems related to multiple pregnancy such as higher risk of preterm birth, higher risk of congenital disorder or intrauterine growth retardation. Key words: ART, assisted reproductive technology, infertility, congenital disorder, multiple pregnancy
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Heredity of cardiovascular disease
Košatová, Andrea ; Ehler, Edvard (advisor) ; Pavlasová, Lenka (referee)
The main purpose of this text is to conclude the known facts about the influence of heredity over cardiovascular diseases. It is targeted at the general public, but also at those who take a deeper interest in medicine, civilization diseases and their causes. The diseases of heart and vessels are the most common cause of sickness and death in the countries of so-called Western civilization. Heredity is one of the major risk factors that affect the probability of such diseases' outbreak. The sources of information for this work were studies by our experts which deal with these diseases, and also special medical doctors' magazines. Some international sources are also essential, most notably the OMIM database run by U.S. National Center for Biotechnology Information, which serves as a catalogue of human genes and genetic diseases. Key words: cardiovascular, atherosclerosis, hypertension, lipidemia, thrombophilia, cardiac muscle
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Preventive effects of folic acid in nutrition
Chalánková, Veronika ; Bušová, Milena (advisor) ; Tláskal, Petr (referee)
This thesis is focused on folic acid and its preventive effects on human health. Folic acid has many important functions in the human body and is especially important during pregnancy. It is essential for the proper development of the fetus and its adequate intake is the prevention of serious congenital malformations, such as neural tube defects, premature birth, abortion and other pathologies. The increased need for this vitamin is not easy to supplement with a regular diet. It is therefore recommended to take it in the form of food supplements (400-600 µg/day) during pregnancy and at least one month before the planned conception. For these reasons, it is necessary to focus on supporting the primary prevention of folic acid use, preferably in all fertile women. Folic acid also plays a crucial role in hematopoiesis and the main manifestation of its deficiency is megaloblastic anemia. Folic acid is further associated with the prevention of cardiovascular and cancer diseases and influencing the development of cognitive functions. The practical part of this thesis was focused on monitoring the saturation of pregnant women with this vitamin. The work contains a laboratory analysis of the content of the metabolite folic acid 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) in the urine of pregnant women in order to...
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The importance and need of folic acid during pregnancy
Mádle, Zuzana ; Starnovská, Tamara (advisor) ; Karbanová, Miroslava (referee)
Pregnancy places great strain upon the body of a woman. Many things contribute to a successful pregnancy, such as healthy eating habits, healthy lifestyle, adequate physical activity, fresh air, good mental health. It is recommended to begin folic acid supplementation even before conception. Folic acid, known as folate, is one of the B vitamins. Pregnancy places greater need for folic acid intake, especially in the early stages, where insufficiency or even deficiency can manifest in a pathological pregnancy, oftentimes fatal. The specific link between the two is not yet very well known. However, several studies have confirmed that there is a positive effect that comes with increased folic acid intake before conception and during the first few weeks of pregnancy, most notably reduced occurrence of neural tube birth defects. General population generally doesn't have adequate intake of folic acid, so there is usually a folic acid deficit before and during pregnancy as well. This can be countered by consuming food high in folate, targeted food enrichment or direct consumption of supplements containing folic acid. The Czech Republic currently doesn't enrich food with folic acid, therefore it is recommended to increase its intake via supplementation. Research investigation through paper questionnaires...
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Primary and secondary prevention of birth defects and their social impact
POUZAROVÁ, Klára
Bachelor thesis on topic "Primary and secondary prevention of developmental defects and their social impact" deal with prevention before conception and in prenatal period. It also goes in for various types of screenings which are used for detection of congential developmental defects. This bachelor thesis also discuss the social impact on inclusion of people with congential developmental defects and possibility of employment of young adults. Bachelor thesis is divided into two parts theoretical and practical one. Theoretical part is focused on origin of developmental defects, genetics, developmental defects themselves and primary and secondary prevention of them. Goal of practical part is to found out the frequency of developmental defects of children of the Czech republic, also finding out current forms of primary and secondary prevention and the social impact of developmental defects. Another goal of this thesis is to found out the quality of life of families, children and young adults with developmental defects and the last one is to determine the possibility of employment of people with developmental defect. Research of life quality (questionnaire PedsQL) shows that the best quality of life in terms of health have people with orofacil cleft. From interviews with those people came out that the most crutial part was after their birth, when they had to visit specialized clinics in order to undergo the surgery of cleft. Right behind them, according to results of HRQOL, are girls with Down syndrome, who are capable of socialization with others, but from statements of their mothers came out, they will never be able of independent life because of associated mental retardation. Next place is taken by informant with phocomelia and the worst merit HRQOL came out by informants with cleft spine. It is necessary to take into consideration that everyone of them have a different type of cleft spine. One of them is fully dependant on care of his mother, other young adult girl suffers from health issues, but can take care of herself. The last goal of thesis is to find out about their possibilities to join the work process. Respondents were rather young and taking their age into consideration, we can't tell how they will or won't be able to find and keep a job. Research shows us that physical and mental condition play a big role in it. In case of associated mental retardation mothers of girls decided their daughters won't ever be able to go to work as healthy people.
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Care of women during termination of pregnancy for congenital developmental defect.
Bukáčková, Daniela ; Školoudová, Markéta (advisor) ; Žižka, Zdeněk (referee)
The bachelor thesis deals with prenatal diagnosis, congenital developmental defects and their screening examination and subsequent nursing care of a female patient who has been diagnosed with developmental defects of the fetus. This thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part is focused on knowledge about prenatal diagnosis and its importance and subsequent screening examinations, which are part of it. There are the components of ultrasound examinations, biochemical examinations and invasive and non-invasive examinations described in the thesis. This thesis reports on congenital developmental defects at both - chromosomal and morphological - levels. There are causes of the occurrence of these defects, their division and their manifestations described in the thesis. There are also possibilities of termination of pregnancy mentioned in the end of the theoretical part. The second part of the thesis, the practical part, is focused on a case study. There was a female patient of Gynecology and Obstetrics Clinic, General Teaching Hospital in Prague, selected to the thesis. The content of the practical part is the development of nursing care which was provided to the female patient. The aim of the thesis was, firstly, to monitor the nursing care which is provided to...
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