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LCD a VLCD diet during hospitalization
Zajíčková, Jana ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Kytnarová, Jitka (referee)
Objective: LCD and VLCD diets are short-term indicated (days to weeks) low caloric and very low caloric diets, which should be supervised by a doctor - e. g. by means a weight loss hospitalization (WLH). LCD and VLCD diets are used in preoperative preparation of obese patients and to break insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM II). The theoretical part of the bachelor"s thesis is focused on LCD and VLCD in obesity and diabetes mellitus treatment - the two most common diseases that can be found in the medical history of patients indicated for WLH. The aim of the theoretical part is to compare obesity treatment in medical care and commercial weight loss programs (for commercial weight loss programs the term "obesity management" is used). The study evaluate the most common indications for WLH, determine weight changes during the hospitalization and compare the weight of patients with DM II and without DM II (nDM II) one year after the WLH. Methods: The input data were obtained from the Medea database. These are the anamnestic data of patients hospitalized for the purpose of losing weight on the Third Medical Department of First Faculty of Medicine Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague in the period of January 2014 - January 2015. There were 93 WLHs...
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The role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis
Marková, Lenka ; Doležal, Pavel (advisor) ; Verner, Zdeněk (referee)
This thesis is focused on the existing data referring to role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of several important diseases. It introduces mitochondrial proteins, their role and metabolism, dysfunction of which is behind pathogenetic processes. The thesis also summarizes possible mitochondrial damage, its progress and consequences, which can lead to diseases or aggravate their process. It also pays attention to the role of mitochondria during oncogenesis as well as important neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's or Parkinson's disease, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or autosomal dominant optic atrophy. The thesis mentions the role of disrupted mitochondrial dynamics in type 2 Diabetes. In conclusion the thesis mentions the role of mitochondria and their damage in relation to infection by the parasites Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi.
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Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in experiment, prevalence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, non-invasive diagnostics
Dvořák, Karel ; Brůha, Radan (advisor) ; Ehrmann, Jiří (referee) ; Lotková, Halka (referee)
This thesis focuses on the effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in experiment, on prevalence of this condition in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome and also on non-invasive diagnostics. The aim was to study the effect of n-3 PUFA on NAFLD development in an experimental model and based on analysis of a group of patients with type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome to assess the prevalence of this condition. Lastly we aimed to evaluate non-invasive diagnostic methods of liver fibrosis and NASH. We demonstrated beneficial effects of n-3 PUFA administration on NAFLD development in a C57/Bl6 mice high fat methionin-cholin defficient dietary model of NAFLD. n-3 PUFA administration led to biochemical improvement, decrease of lipid accumulation in the liver as well as improvement of histology. These effects are determined by complex modulation of lipid metabolism, mainly due to decrease in availability of fatty acids for triglyceride synthesis in the liver, changes of adipokine levels and amelioration of proinflammatory status in the liver. In a group of type 2 diabetics we found NAFLD prevalence of almost 80%, 14% of these patients had also signs of liver fibrosis or cirrhosis. Non-invasive methods...
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Dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Kafková, Tereza ; Flekač, Milan (advisor) ; Pelcl, Tomáš (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with a dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. This thesis is split into two parts: a theoretical part and a practical part. The theoretical part covers the topic of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a focus on a dietary prevention. The first chapters are more general, dealing with type 2 diabetes mellitus, its characteristics, complications and treatment. A chapter about obesity and metabolic syndrome is also included for a better understanding of the whole issue. The practical part of the thesis is focused on an awareness survey and approach to the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus for people having a higher risk of developing this disease. Individuals with a positive family history of type 2 diabetes mellitus and patients suffering from overweight or obesity, were selected as those having a higher risk of developing the disease. The research is based on a quantitative questionnaire survey. A total number of 108 respondents participated in this survey. For the purposes of the research, the respondents were divided into two groups based on the mentioned risk factors. Based on the research results, a significant number of respondents (84 % in total) were aware that there was some sort of prevention of this disease possible. The respondents considered the...
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Smoked meats in human nutrition
Hansová, Lucie ; Matoulek, Martin (advisor) ; Hromádka, Róbert (referee)
Smoked or processed meat is an important part of dietary pattern of czech citizens. Particulary nowadays, its consumation is rather controversial, mainly because of excessive consumation health impacts. Meat in general play an irreplaceable role in our diet. Its a unique source of whole proteins and some mineral substances such as iron. One of the most discussed negatives is, that excessive consumationnof processed meat is linked to development of certain diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, certain types of cancer and type 2 diabetes. We have researched aspects of consumation of certain types of processed meat products specifically portion ratio, mean portion size and consumation afinity according to gender, age and BMI. Following results were found: Largest portions of smoked meats is consumated during lunch with an exception of "vídeňské párky". Men consume more smoked meats than women. Highest affinity was observed in age group till 25 years. In case of BMI - results varied according to the type of smoked meat. In case of prevention is necessary to examine the issue comprehensively and focus not just on eating habits but also on the whole patient's lifestyle.
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Risk of osteoporosis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: nutritional factors
Skalníková, Karolína ; Zikán, Vít (advisor) ; Raška, Ivan (referee)
Introduction: Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic skeletal disease characterized by a decrease in bone mechanical resistance due to decreased bone mass and/or bone quality defects. The incidence of osteoporosis has been increasing in developed countries. The reason for this is a lifestyle change in terms of a decrease in physical activity and an increase in life expectancy, which is also related to an increase in the number of people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance, insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and osteoporosis often occur together. Some authors consider osteoporosis to be a chronic complication of type 2 diabetes. Objective: The objective of this thesis is to evaluate dietary habits and intakes of selected nutrients in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and compare this with recommended values and with control group of women without type 2 diabetes mellitus, and to assess possible relationships to the risk of osteoporosis and fractures. Methods: Dietary habits and intakes of selected nutrients were evaluated on the basis of questionnaires and an analysis of three-day dietary plans. Energy, essential nutrients, fiber, sodium, calcium and...
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Dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Nováková, Veronika ; Flekač, Milan (advisor) ; Mikeš, Ondřej (referee)
This thesis deals with dietary prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The first chapters of the thesis deal with general information about diabetes mellitus. The chapters focus on the classification, epidemiology, clinical manifestation, complications, diagnostics of diabetes mellitus and pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The subsequent chapters describe prediabetes, obesity and metabolic syndrome. The conclusion of the theoretical section is devoted to the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevention is focused on non-pharmacological measures with an emphasis on dietary influences. The practical part is based on anonymous quantitative research in the form of an Internet quastionaire survey, which focuses on the prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The main goal was to find out about the public's awareness of dietary effects on type 2 diabetes mellitus. The secondary objectives examine the awareness of the worlwide increase of diabetics and whether the respondents consider sugar to be the cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus and attach greater importance to healthy lifestyle or pharmacological measures in prevention. The survey results relating to dietary influences were not very satisfactory and respondents' poor awareness regarding prevention was reflected, for example in...
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Low-Carbohydrate Diet in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
RUTOVÁ, Hana
This thesis deals with low-carb diet in diabetes mellitus type 2. The thesis aims to find out about the impact of low-carb diet, compared to diabetes diet which most doctors recommend to patients suffering from type 2 DM. The theoretical part of the thesis provides a brief description of diabetes mellitus type 2, including the causes, development and possible complications. This part also discusses dietary treatment and diets used in diabetes therapy, i. e. diabetes diet and low-carb diet. The research part looks into the impact of these diets on patients suffering from type 2 DM. The first part of the research was based on survey. The research sample consisted of 56 respondents (28 on low-carb diet and 28 on diabetes diet). The survey consisted of 24 questions, out of which 16 were closed-ended questions and the remaining 8 open-ended questions. The questions focused on changes resulting from following a specific diet, asking about a change in body weight, blood pressure or about diabetes complications. The other part of the research compares weekly meal plans of 4 respondents from each research group, which amounts to 8 type 2 DM respondents. The meal plans were calculated in Nutriservis Professional programme and then evaluated. The findings have shown that, compared to diabetes diet, low-carb diet results in more prominent body weight loss and a decrease in blood pressure. Being on low-carb diet more often leads to dose reduction or even stopping oral anti-diabetic medication. Subjectively, it may also result in feeling more energetic.
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Regulatory mechanisms affecting etiopathogenesis of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Cinkajzlová, Anna ; Haluzík, Martin (advisor) ; Krčma, Michal (referee) ; Kříž, Jan (referee)
Subclinical inflammation plays a pivotal role in the development of obesity- related complications including type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. Macrophages are considered important players participating in the initiation and progression of subclinical inflammation within as well as outside of adipose tissue. The first part of this dissertation thesis was focused on macrophage characterization and their quantitative and qualitative changes accompanying metabolic improvements after bariatric surgery. We have demonstrated that the number of macrophages in subcutaneous adipose tissue is reduced regardless of their M1 or M2 polarization manifested as positivity of both the M1- associated CD40 antigen and the M2-associated CD163 and CD206 antigens 6 months after bariatric surgery. Thus, as suggested by previously published data, subcutaneous adipose tissue macrophages seem to have a mixed phenotype. We further confirmed a higher number of non- classical monocytes, which play a role in the control of vascular integrity, in obese subjects as well as a classical monocyte-derived origin of CD163 positive monocytes. Our data also support the previous suggestion of the soluble form of CD163 antigen being a suitable marker of metabolic complications of obesity. The second part...
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Low carbohydrate diet in type 2 diabetes mellitus therapy
Kábelová, Adéla ; Krejčí, Hana (advisor) ; Šeda, Ondřej (referee)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a highly prevalent metabolic disorder, which substantially affects quality of patients' lives and simultaneously increases the risk of early death due to development of its specific complications. Current T2D therapy comprises mainly pharmacotherapy, however, lifestyle changes, particularly modification of dietary habits, also assume an important role in the process. While conventional dietotherapy of T2D primarily concerns reduction of dietary fat intake aiming to achieve caloric restriction, the low carbohydrate diet (LCD), recently often discussed in relation to T2D therapy, is based on the reduction of dietary carbohydrates, whereas fats and/or proteins are increased. The positive effects of LCD in T2D therapy and its comorbidities are summarized in the theoretical part of this thesis. The aim of the practical part of the bachelor thesis was to asses the effect of LCD on health parameters associated with T2D as well as the subjective sense of respondents' satisfaction with this diet together with their adherence and compliance. The results of the survey showed that LCD led to weight loss, decreased waist circumference, glycaemia and levels of glycated haemoglobin and led, in a number of cases, to medication reduction. The level of satisfaction with LCD in the...
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