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The War on Terror and the War of Terror: Revealing the post-transformation separatism Kremlin, Radical Salafism and Post-Soviet Dagestan on a Road from the Peace to the Violence
Baranec, Tomáš ; Horák, Slavomír (advisor) ; Aslan, Emil (referee)
After 1999 the situation in then relatively stable Dagestan started to deteriorate swiftly. However, unlike in the cases of previous separatist movements which sprung up in some parts of the Russian Federation after the demise of the USSS, Dagestani separatists did not officially gather under the flags of nation but under the flags of Islam. Soon, Dagestan entered a period of instability and violence which turned into a vicious circle of bloodshed. In a short period of time, Dagestan radically turned from stability to large scale violence, which makes it necessary for us to understand the factors responsible for the current situation. The following thesis analyses the development of Dagestan after the collapse of the USSR, from the stable period of the 90s till these days, which are characterized by omnipresent violence. Employing the theoretical knowledge collected by other scholars and analyzing similar separatist movements in other parts of the post-socialist world, taking into account the specifics the North Caucasus region, this study attempts to identify the factors (grassroots) which caused the rise of Dagestani insurgence. In comparison with the Chechen separatism of the early 90s, it uncovers the roots and the real face of the "new wave" of insurgency which flooded Dagestan and started to...
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Nonstationarity of nation-construction in contemporary Europe: Time-space differentiation in support for and factors behind regional nationalism in Catalonia
Lepič, Martin ; Tomeš, Jiří (advisor) ; Havlíček, Tomáš (referee) ; Kopeček, Vincenc (referee)
Regional nationalism and consequent separatist tendencies have a significant impact on the territorial (dis)integration of many countries across the globe, and Europe is no exception. These processes contributed to changes in the traditional academic understanding of states as uniform, cohesive, and continuous political entities. Nevertheless, research on territorial and societal cohesion and continuity within regional nationalist movements has so far been neglected, even though this aspect seems to be key to the successful mobilization and goal achievement of separatist movements in heterogeneous democratic societies. This thesis aims to examine the limits of uniformity and continuity, that is, a time-space differentiation in political affiliations to secessionist regional nationalism in Catalonia, including the explanation of a time-space nonstationarity in the effects of factors behind the affiliations. Catalonia is an example of region with intense cultural and inclusive-assimilationist nationalism which proliferates within an ethno-culturally heterogeneous and segregated society. In the last decade, the region has shifted from a phase of everyday, "banal" nationalism to an explicit and dynamic nationalist mobilization, which has been brought about by (and further intensified) the deterioration...
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Quiet revolution: Transformation of the Francophone Identity of Quebec
Denemark, Jan ; Fiřtová, Magdalena (advisor) ; Hornát, Jan (referee)
This diploma thesis is covering Québec's policy and Quebec's change of identity from the era of the Quiet revolution. This work covers the changes that were a crucial in the creation of Québec's policy and national identity. From the time of the Quiet revolution in the 60's of the 20th century the society in Québec came through a drastic identity change. And not only in the province itself but also in the whole country of Canada. Because of this change, Québec refused the Canadian policy of multiculturalism. Canadian official policy does not accept Québec as a distinct society and also refuses the principle of the two-nation Canada. Therefore, Québec created its own policy of integration called interculturalism. In the analysis of the development of identity and nationalism, the methodology is a critical examination of the empirical experiences of Québec and the theses of the theoretical concepts of Charles Taylor and Will Kymlicka. It was necessary to study Taylor's and Kymlicka's theses on multiculturalism, identity, communitarianism, and liberalism as a starting point for analyzing the development of Québec. It was important to formulate definitions of identity, nation, and multiculturalism, to determine the main categories of content, and to analyze the development of the Québec identity during...
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Why did ETA leave violence as a mean of achieving its goals?
Mareček, Ondřej ; Kasáková, Zuzana (advisor) ; Mejstřík, Martin (referee)
The bachelor thesis studies the terrorist group ETA and its development in the second half of the 20th century and focuses on its retreating popularity at the beginning of the 21st century. Leaving violence as a mean of achieving the Basque Independence in 2011 will be the newest event for my work. In the paper I will focus on changing public opinion on the ETA group, which goes hand in hand with the democratization process and the loss of legitimacy of armed resistance. Next, I will monitor the extent to which the Spanish federal government was fighting this group and the influence on such success of Spain's entry into the EU. Loss of public opinion support further delegitimize the ETA's activities. The work also discusses the Basque political parties, especially extremist ones and the development of their popularity over time. The conclusion of the paper will outline where nationalist terrorism in the Basque country can go further or whether it is a closed chapter in Spanish history. However, given the history of the breach of truce by the ETA, it is probably just a short interim period.
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Demise and Disintegration of Nationalist Terrorist Groups
Štekl, Jakub ; Bureš, Oldřich (advisor) ; Kocmanová, Markéta (referee)
The thesis is focused on the process of demise and disintegration of nationalist terrorist groups. The case studies of terrorism in Northern Ireland and Basque region in Spain demonstrate and analyze the development of local terrorist organizations from the beginning to the cessation of violent actions. An emphasis is put especially on the end of armed campaign and transformation of nationalist activities within a legal framework. In the case of Northern Ireland, the focus is put on the activities of the Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA) from the beginning of the Troubles to the Belfast Agreement in 1998. The research in this thesis includes the influence of affiliated political parties - Sinn Féin in this case - on the process of negotiations and the continuation of Northern Irish nationalism after the end of armed campaign. The Basque case is devoted to the development of Basque nationalism since the beginning of the 20th century, the creation and development of Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA) and its terrorist campaign within both the Francoist regime and Spanish democracy. An emphasis is put on the development of the organization until its official dissolution in 2018, activities of the political parties of the Nationalist Left affiliated to ETA and the attitude of Spanish authorities to...
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EU Policy towards autonomous regions with a potential to be independent - Catalonia and Scotland
Havlín, Kryštof ; Mejstřík, Martin (advisor) ; Kasáková, Zuzana (referee)
The bachelor's thesis aims to analyze the policy of the European Union towards European autonomous regions which have the potential to become independent. It focuses especially on the issue of EU membership for regions that have a tendency to separate from an EU Member State. Two major separatist events took place in the European Union in the last decade. In 2014, Scotland declared a referendum approved by the central government on independence from the UK. In 2017, the independent Republic of Catalonia, that wanted to secede from the Kingdom of Spain on the basis of an illegal referendum, was declared. The passive attitude of the European Union towards the aggravated situation in the territory of its member state led me to address the issue from the perspective of the EU whose representatives consider these developments to be internal affairs of the states. The main goal of the bachelor's thesis is to find out what the approach of the EU to the mentioned regions is in terms of potential membership in case these regions become independent. At the same time, the bachelor's thesis should clarify why the European Union holds these positions and what their legal framework is. The paper also presents hypothetical scenarios for the accession of potentially independent regions of Catalonia and Scotland to...
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International impact of Catalonia independence efforts
Zamlar, Patrick ; Karásek, Tomáš (advisor) ; Knutelská, Viera (referee)
The master's thesis International impact of Catalonia independence efforts aims to analyze what is the international impact caused by Catalonia's efforts to separate from Spain. It does so by establishing theoretical framework of Conflict theory and internationalized conflicts. Within this framework, the Catalonia's case is examined. The thesis provides wide and extensive background on Catalan independence in order to understand how independence efforts in Catalonia emerged and evolved. The thesis also explains the means which are used by Catalan representatives in order to promote the independence internationally. Brief comparative examples of other regions within Europe are provided (with one notable mention outside of European continent) which seek for independence, as some of the features are common for all of them. Later on, the thesis features analytical part in which international impacts of Catalonia's strive for independence are examined. Those include e.g. effects on the European Union, other separatist regions, and more. Important explanation is offered about possible economic consequences with the usage of quantitative data. The thesis in its final stage applies conflict theory on Catalonia's case. It also uses all the before explained historical background. It concludes with assessment...
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