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Effect of the sperm ubiquitination in the early embryonic development in pig
Petelák, Aleš ; Krylov, Vladimír (advisor) ; Petr, Jaroslav (referee)
The intracellular sperm injection (ICSI) technique is a very effective tool for the fertilization research. In the newly established laboratory at the Faculty of Science of the Charles University it was necessary to introduce this method and define the early developmental potential of fertilized oocytes. After fertilization oocytes were incubated to the blastocyst stage with a success comparable with other laboratories (17%). The ubiquitin-proteasome system which plays a major role in a protein degradation within cells is involved in a regulatory mechanism of sperm maturation. It is also responsible for a penetration of a vitelline membrane. In these processes ubiquitin residues are localized extracellulary. High level of sperm ubiquitination correlates with their low quality. Hypotetically it can be expected that the ubiqutination of impaired sperm cells can be used as a negative marker for their recognition and degradation by 26S proteasome complex localized. Experiments in this diploma thesis were designed based on the hypothesis that the executive part of the selective mechanism is the 26S proteasome. Therefore the effect of MG132 peptide inhibition of the 20S proteasome on the pronuclei formation and subsequent early embryonic development after ICSI was studied. Inhibition of 20S proteasome...
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Vliv sourozenecké kompetice během přítomnosti u struku na mateřské chování u prasete domácího
Leszkowová, Iva ; Illmannová, Gudrun (advisor) ; Špinka, Marek (referee)
This diploma thesis deal with the neonatal sibling competition during nursing within first day after farrowing, focusing on maternal reaction on neonatal sibling competition during nursing. We predicted that the sow will terminate nursing by a changing posture or by a non- nutritive nursing (i.e. nursing without milk ejection) with increasing number of fights and screams. A total of 19 healthy sows and their litters were directly observed and video recorded during first day after farrowing for 6 h. The behaviour of piglets (fighting, screaming, presence at the udder) in the pre massage and the post massage was scored every 15 seconds. Piglets which missed milk ejection, posture changing of the sow and whether the nursing involve milk ejection were noted. A sum of fighting and screaming piglets in the pre massage and the post massage was calculated. A higher sum of fighting and screaming piglets correlated with a higher proportion of non-nutritive nursing (P<0.001) as well as with a higher proportion of sow posture changing in the pre massage (P<0.01). However, a higher sum of fighting and screaming piglets did not increase the probability of sow posture changing in the post massage. The results show a positive correlation between the litter size and the sum of fighting and screaming piglets in the...
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Social relationships in feral populations of ungulates (with accent on environmental conditions)
Boušková, Adéla ; Komárková, Martina (advisor) ; Horáček, Ivan (referee)
The adaptation of feral ungulates to the environmental conditions is important topic nowadays, not only because they often feralise out of their original home-range, but also from the behavioural point of view. The aim of my work is to answer several hypotheses, covering the differences in social relationship of ungulates in the wild and domestic conditions and their connnections to the environment.The thesis describes the frequency and intensity of interindividual interactions (hierarchy, aggression and friendly behaviour) and compares this behaviour between feral and domestic animals. As a main result may be mentioned the fact that social structure of feral individuals is modified as a consequence of restrictions of social behaviour in the domestic conditions (creches in feral goats). The enhanced fertility, which resulted from the long lasting artifical selection process in the breeds, brought also increased fertility in the feral conditions. The sex ratio at birth was found not related to the feral state or captivity. I suggest that aggressive and friendly interactions are more common in the domestic, not in feral environment. Future research should be focused more throughly on the behavioural adaptations of feral animals.
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Vliv sourozenecké kompetice během přítomnosti u struku na mateřské chování u prasete domácího
Leszkowová, Iva ; Illmannová, Gudrun (advisor) ; Špinka, Marek (referee)
This diploma thesis deal with the neonatal sibling competition during nursing within first day after farrowing, focusing on maternal reaction on neonatal sibling competition during nursing. We predicted that the sow will terminate nursing by a changing posture or by a non- nutritive nursing (i.e. nursing without milk ejection) with increasing number of fights and screams. A total of 19 healthy sows and their litters were directly observed and video recorded during first day after farrowing for 6 h. The behaviour of piglets (fighting, screaming, presence at the udder) in the pre massage and the post massage was scored every 15 seconds. Piglets which missed milk ejection, posture changing of the sow and whether the nursing involve milk ejection were noted. A sum of fighting and screaming piglets in the pre massage and the post massage was calculated. A higher sum of fighting and screaming piglets correlated with a higher proportion of non-nutritive nursing (P<0.001) as well as with a higher proportion of sow posture changing in the pre massage (P<0.01). However, a higher sum of fighting and screaming piglets did not increase the probability of sow posture changing in the post massage. The results show a positive correlation between the litter size and the sum of fighting and screaming piglets in the...
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Effect of the sperm ubiquitination in the early embryonic development in pig
Petelák, Aleš ; Krylov, Vladimír (advisor) ; Petr, Jaroslav (referee)
The intracellular sperm injection (ICSI) technique is a very effective tool for the fertilization research. In the newly established laboratory at the Faculty of Science of the Charles University it was necessary to introduce this method and define the early developmental potential of fertilized oocytes. After fertilization oocytes were incubated to the blastocyst stage with a success comparable with other laboratories (17%). The ubiquitin-proteasome system which plays a major role in a protein degradation within cells is involved in a regulatory mechanism of sperm maturation. It is also responsible for a penetration of a vitelline membrane. In these processes ubiquitin residues are localized extracellulary. High level of sperm ubiquitination correlates with their low quality. Hypotetically it can be expected that the ubiqutination of impaired sperm cells can be used as a negative marker for their recognition and degradation by 26S proteasome complex localized. Experiments in this diploma thesis were designed based on the hypothesis that the executive part of the selective mechanism is the 26S proteasome. Therefore the effect of MG132 peptide inhibition of the 20S proteasome on the pronuclei formation and subsequent early embryonic development after ICSI was studied. Inhibition of 20S proteasome...
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Pig (Sus scrofa domestica) as a laboratory animal and its use in experiments
Šlajerová, Markéta ; Masopustová, Renata (advisor) ; Jan, Jan (referee)
The thesis on the topic of the use of laboratory swine in biomedical research is focused on the detailed description of phylogeny and domestication of the species Sus scrofa and the origin of its domesticated form Sus scrofa domestica, a laboratory breeding, nutrition, requirements for space and the animal health conditions. Physiological and anatomical similarities pig with the human organism offers a wide range of the applications in various sectors of the medical research. Pigs, or rather the mini pig breeds are part of the preclinical testing of drugs in toxicology. In dermatology tend to be an experimental model in the healing wounds and burns, or the study of melanoma. Cardiovascular system of pigs is used in connection with the formation of atherosclerosis and congenital heart defects. The omnivorousness of pigs to test of dietary supplements; is also monitored in experimental diabetes, gastric ulcer or cirrhosis of the liver. Just the liver and their ability to regenerate them is in the laboratory pigs the focus of many research groups around the world. The central nervous system offers the opportunity to study stroke, or spinal cord injury. In transgenic animals is studied Huntington's disease and its treatment in humans. Titanium implants and various types of biomaterials are injected into the skeletal system of a pig, then reactions and bone healing are examined. In the area of experimental xenotransplantation could in the future be strains of genetically modified pigs become a source of organs for humans. While unresolved problem is the HAR-Hyperacute Rejection so rejection of the implant, and the risk of transmission of certain diseases from pigs to humans. Payoff experimental pigs is of undoubted importance and need this potential wisely and purposefully use, without wasting experimental animals and unnecessary pain. Emphasis should be placed on adherence to regulatory compliance and the concept of 3R.
Actual laboratory pigs breeding is at a high standard. Unfortunately, his major weakness on global scale is incomplete reported data related to exact values used pigs in experiments.
In the Czech Republic was the most laboratory pigs used in 1994 exactly 6882 pieces, in 1998 has been used 7122 pieces, higher number of laboratory swine was also reported for the year 2009, namely 4445 pieces. In recent years, the numbers of used laboratory pigs in the Czech Republic have settled around an average value of 2,400 pieces. Using the Mann-Whitney U test were compared to the values used in the laboratory pigs Czech Republic and the European Union, on a per capita basis. From the resulting value of p = 0.486, bigger than alpha = 0.05 it follows, that was not proved a difference in the use of experimental pigs between the Czech Republic and the other member states of the European Union. On the basis of the carried out statistical survey, it can be concluded that the fluctuations and trends in the use of laboratory pigs in the Czech Republic do not replicate those european. The established hypothesis was confirmed.
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The relationship between the sow and piglets - how piglets recognize their mother's vocalizations
Zátková, Marcela ; Chaloupková, Helena (advisor) ; Hradec, Michal (referee)
The ability to recognize mothers voice is important for offspring in many animal species. This thesis reviews the knowledge on maternal behaviour in domestic pigs and focuses on its important prerequisite which is the recognition between mother and her offspring. Domestic pig (Sus scrofa domestica) is chosen as a very good model species. Maternal behaviour of pigs did not change much due to domestication or inetnsive farming. Maternal behaviour including nursing behaviour should prevent monpolization of resources by stronger piglets. Therefore, maternal behaviour has interesting aspects: long udder massage, attraction of piglets with vocalization and announcment of milk ejection with short period of milk ejection. Maternal behaviour in pigs involves a complex of many interesting phenomena like: synchronization of nursings, non-nutritive nursings, potential for allo-suckling, parent-offspring conflict, specific initiation and termination of nursing and rich olfactoric, acoustic, and tactile signalling. Pig belongs to social animals in which communication needs to be complex, especially acoustic communication. Naturally, recognition of individuals is crucial in groups and this is true for recognition between mother and offspring. The acoustic recognition can be studied by three appraches. 1) Observing of natural behaviour, 2) Playback experiments (habituation, preference and comparison) and 3) Analysis of voice and searching for individual traits in voice. It is expected, that piglets should recognize mother as soon as possible. Sow should recognize piglets after rejoining her group. Results of the studies reviewed in this thesis seem to confirm these assumption. Piglets recognize their mother 36h after parturition by voice. Sows can recognize the smell of own piglets soon after parturition but not by voice. Identification based on voice seems to appear later at about 10 days after parturition, but it is not very strong. Other studies identified potential cues to identity in calls of sows as well as in calls of piglets.
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