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Histology of fish gills - processing and evaluation of preparations
KOCOUR, Jakub
Histology is the science that deals with the microscopic structure and structure of the tissues of organisms. This science is unique in that it deals with the study of tissues cut into very thin sections. This allows us to look into microscopic structures that may not be visible to the naked eye. The aim of this work was to develop a literature review where the main task was to describe the structure of the gills, the critical points in their histological processing and to classify the gill changes. The aim was also to create a photographic documentation of the histological preparation process. The first part of this thesis is devoted to fish gills. The gills are a multifunctional organ that is constantly in contact with the surrounding water. It is a medium for the exchange of gases and other substances and is very sensitive to external stimuli. Through the gills of fish, various ions and substances are exchanged, taken in and excreted. An interesting feature is, for example, the passage of nitrite ions, which enter the body of the fish through the Cl-/HCO3- exchanger. Such passage is prevented by chloride ions, which are competitively excreted with nitrite ions. In the next part of this thesis are the topic of methods of histological processing of fish. Several histological processing options are described in this thesis, which lead to the same goal, i.e. a histological, mostly also permanent preparation. During preparation, one step is staining. The most common dye is haematoxylin-eosin. This dye shows the cellular structures very well. However, some structures are more difficult to distinguish from each other, in which case special staining methods can be used. All these properties of gills make it an organ that is suitable for many fish health evaluation. Despite this, the gills, specifically the histological evaluation of the gills, are usually only an additional evaluation.
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Phaeocystis - a key organism in dimethylsulfoniopropionate production; ecological and physiological functions of DMSP
Füllsacková, Alena ; Němcová, Yvonne (advisor) ; Pusztai, Martin (referee)
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an organic sulfur compound with an important ecological and physiological functions. DMSP is a major precursor for dimethylsulfid (DMS). DMSP is produced by variety of halophytic plants and phytoplankton for the purposes of osmotic regulation, antioxidation and protection from predators. It is especially widespread among the marine phytoplankton and it is ubiquitous in the euphotic zone. DMS and DMSP are also involved in flux of carbon and sulfur. Marine emissions of DMS have a particularly important role as precursors of atmospheric sulfur-containing aerosols that influence the Earth's climate system through direct backscatter of solar radiation and through cloud formation. DMSP is produced mainly by phytoplankton, because this group of organism is very large, I'll focus on Phaeocystis. Phaeocystis is a genus of marine phytoplankton with a worldwide distribution. It has a polymorphic life cycle alternating free-living cells and colonies but develops massive blooms under the colony form. Among the 10 species, only 3 (P. pouchetii, P. antarctica, P. globosa) have been reported as blooming species. DMSP is produced intracellulary and it is released as DMS. DMS concentration is high during the growth of the cells, predation or senescence. The production of DMSP is...
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Utilization of Biology Olympiad in schools and implementation of selected tasks into highschool teaching.
Dvořáková, Darina ; Janštová, Vanda (advisor) ; Drda Morávková, Alena (referee)
This thesis deals with the Biology Olympiad and remaking of selected tasks of region round. The remaked tasks can be used in highschool education. The thesis includes theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part provides general information about the Biology Olympiad (BiO), charts the achievements of Czech students in International Biology Olympiad (IBO), includes literary review of selected topics. The practical part encompass four remaked tasks of different topics: Eucaryotic cell as a mosaic, Water in life of animals, Animals' areas and their distribution, History of the flora in Czech Republic. The tasks are processed in the form of worksheets. The worksheets were tested at schools. Knowledge of students was tested by using of created pretests and posttests. The practical part also presents the result of research based on a questionnaire survey focused on the involvement of school in BiO and teachers' opinions on these topics.
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Physiology and functional anatomy of nectarivorous birds
Sejfová, Zuzana ; Janeček, Štěpán (advisor) ; Sam, Kateřina (referee)
Hummingbirds, sunbirds and a large part of honeyeaters belong to the most specialized nectarivores. During the evolution they have developed a number of adaptations in reaction to the specificity of their diet. The amount of studies focused on the adaptations connected with the digestion of nectar is not big, but is still growing. One of the characteristics of these birds is very fast and effective transport of consumed sugars across the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore they are tolerant to a very low nitrogen intake and extremely high daily intake of water. Sunbirds and honeyeaters are able to modulate the rate of water absorption in the intestine, but hummingbirds are not and they absorb almost all the consumed water. During the evolution excessive water intake together with a low concentration of salt presented in the diet led to changes in renal morphology that allows the production of an exceptionally dilute urine. The hovering flight of hummingbirds is well known and very well studied. The unique anatomy of hummingbird's wings allows the power production also during upstroke. Thanks to this hummingbirds are able to hover for a very long time and even in condition that are unsuitable for flight. Also sunbirds and honeyeaters sometimes hover during feeding. Nevertheless the mechanics of their hovering...
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Adaptation mechanisms to wide salinity gradient in algae; transitions between marine and freshwater environments in chrysophytes
Knotek, Petr ; Němcová, Yvonne (advisor) ; Pusztai, Martin (referee)
The transition from the marine to the freshwater environment and vice versa is a key event in the evolution of organisms. Although these transitions are relatively rare from an evolutionary point of view, most large groups of organisms have undergone this event at least once. The marine and freshwater environment differs in many aspects, especially salinity. During the transition between these two environments, the organisms are forced to overcome a significant salinity gradient and adapt to changes in the osmotic potential. However, biotic factors also play an important role, especially competition and predation in the new environment. The aim of the bachelor 's thesis is to provide comprehensive information on the mechanisms of adaptation to a wide gradient of salinity in algae in general and to focus on freshwater-marine transitions in chrysophytes, that occurred repeatedly and relatively frequently in the course of evolution. Key words: chrysophytes, Chrysophyceae, salinity gradient, osmoregulation, marine- freshwater transition
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Potassium in plant osmoregulation
Kholová, Kateřina ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
Potassium is very mobile in plants and is transported across membranes using transporters and channels. It is present in the ionic form K+ in plants. Also, in the form of this ion, K+ is taken up by plants from the soil solution. The uptake is mediated by the transporter HAK5 and by the channel AKT1. The transfer of K+ to the xylem is provided by the channel SKOR and the transporter KUP7. The role of potassium as an osmotically active element is crucial. K+ helps to regulate the amount of water in the cells and thus to maintain the turgor. Turgor is important for maintaining the shape of the plant cells and for its growth. Stomatal guard cells are used as a model system for describing processes related to the K+ osmotic function. Movement of K+ is involved in the regulation of opening and closing of stomata on the principle of turgor changes. Transport of K+ into guard cells is provided by channels KAT1, KAT2, AKT1 and AKT2. On the contrary, K+ release is mediated by the channel GORK on the plasma membrane and TPK1 on the tonoplast. K+ supports also the transport of assimilates in the phloem, where the channel AKT2 plays a role. The osmotic functions of K+ are the main topic of this bachelor thesis, which summarizes current knowledge about transport mechanisms necessary for the function of K+ as osmotically...
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Phaeocystis - a key organism in dimethylsulfoniopropionate production; ecological and physiological functions of DMSP
Füllsacková, Alena ; Němcová, Yvonne (advisor) ; Pusztai, Martin (referee)
Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an organic sulfur compound with an important ecological and physiological functions. DMSP is a major precursor for dimethylsulfid (DMS). DMSP is produced by variety of halophytic plants and phytoplankton for the purposes of osmotic regulation, antioxidation and protection from predators. It is especially widespread among the marine phytoplankton and it is ubiquitous in the euphotic zone. DMS and DMSP are also involved in flux of carbon and sulfur. Marine emissions of DMS have a particularly important role as precursors of atmospheric sulfur-containing aerosols that influence the Earth's climate system through direct backscatter of solar radiation and through cloud formation. DMSP is produced mainly by phytoplankton, because this group of organism is very large, I'll focus on Phaeocystis. Phaeocystis is a genus of marine phytoplankton with a worldwide distribution. It has a polymorphic life cycle alternating free-living cells and colonies but develops massive blooms under the colony form. Among the 10 species, only 3 (P. pouchetii, P. antarctica, P. globosa) have been reported as blooming species. DMSP is produced intracellulary and it is released as DMS. DMS concentration is high during the growth of the cells, predation or senescence. The production of DMSP is...
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Physiology and functional anatomy of nectarivorous birds
Sejfová, Zuzana ; Janeček, Štěpán (advisor) ; Sam, Kateřina (referee)
Hummingbirds, sunbirds and a large part of honeyeaters belong to the most specialized nectarivores. During the evolution they have developed a number of adaptations in reaction to the specificity of their diet. The amount of studies focused on the adaptations connected with the digestion of nectar is not big, but is still growing. One of the characteristics of these birds is very fast and effective transport of consumed sugars across the intestinal epithelium. Furthermore they are tolerant to a very low nitrogen intake and extremely high daily intake of water. Sunbirds and honeyeaters are able to modulate the rate of water absorption in the intestine, but hummingbirds are not and they absorb almost all the consumed water. During the evolution excessive water intake together with a low concentration of salt presented in the diet led to changes in renal morphology that allows the production of an exceptionally dilute urine. The hovering flight of hummingbirds is well known and very well studied. The unique anatomy of hummingbird's wings allows the power production also during upstroke. Thanks to this hummingbirds are able to hover for a very long time and even in condition that are unsuitable for flight. Also sunbirds and honeyeaters sometimes hover during feeding. Nevertheless the mechanics of their hovering...
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Utilization of Biology Olympiad in schools and implementation of selected tasks into highschool teaching.
Dvořáková, Darina ; Janštová, Vanda (advisor) ; Drda Morávková, Alena (referee)
This thesis deals with the Biology Olympiad and remaking of selected tasks of region round. The remaked tasks can be used in highschool education. The thesis includes theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part provides general information about the Biology Olympiad (BiO), charts the achievements of Czech students in International Biology Olympiad (IBO), includes literary review of selected topics. The practical part encompass four remaked tasks of different topics: Eucaryotic cell as a mosaic, Water in life of animals, Animals' areas and their distribution, History of the flora in Czech Republic. The tasks are processed in the form of worksheets. The worksheets were tested at schools. Knowledge of students was tested by using of created pretests and posttests. The practical part also presents the result of research based on a questionnaire survey focused on the involvement of school in BiO and teachers' opinions on these topics.
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Úloha osmotických a iontových činidel ve fyziologii rybích spermií
BONDARENKO, Olga
The present study focused on clarification of the roles of environmental osmolality and ion composition in the initiation of spermatozoa motility in different freshwater fish species. Additionally, the role of osmotic and ionic agents in sturgeon spermatozoa maturation was investigated. A first aim of the present study focused on studies of osmotic regulation of spermatozoa volume alterations in different fish species. This led to the discovery that spermatozoa swelling are species-specific: fish sperm with ionic mode of motility activation (sturgeon, trout) has no capacity for swelling, In contrast to carp sperm (osmotic mode of activation) for which volume correlates with environmental osmolality. A second aim was to apply the capacity for swelling in carp spermatozoa to improve the cryopreservation procedure relative to post-thaw sperm quality. Post-thaw motility parameters and ability to fertilize eggs were measured and compared with non-treated sperm. As a result, higher post-thaw motility rate, spermatozoa velocity, and fertilization rate were observed in sperm pretreated with hypotonic solutions compared to non-treated sperm. Thus, our results demonstrate for the first time, that spermatozoa ability for hypotonic changes could be used for improvement of cryopreservation procedure. A third aim of this study was the investigation of the role of environmental osmolality and ion composition in fish sperm motility. Sturgeons and salmonids sperm was activated in media of differing ionic and osmotic composition. Even though environmental Ca2+ concentration is not crucial in conditions of Na+ presence, a minimal intracellular free Ca2+ concentration should be present in sturgeon spermatozoa for initiation of motility. Alteration of osmolality does not seem to play a major regulatory role in trout spermatozoa activation. Alteration of sperm sensitivity to Ca2+ was detected during spawning, according to seasonality. Low motility rate was detected in brook trout spermatozoa at the end of the spawning period. However, a Ca2+ concentration increase up to 10 mM in activating media led to activate motility in at least 85% of the spermatozoa, which suggests a decrease of sperm sensitivity to Ca2+ at the end of the spawning season. The fourth aim was the study of the role of osmotic and ionic agents in sterlet spermatozoa maturation. Our results demonstrate that sturgeon testicular spermatozoa lack capability for motility activation and fertilization. During spawning, sperm is released from testis, pass through the kidney where it is mixed with urine, into the Wolffian duct. We demonstrated for the first time, that testicular sperm incubation with urine controls in vivo maturation, but can be performed in vitro as well (Chapter 6). We detected that sperm maturation does not occur under conditions of Ca2+ deficiency, suggesting that Ca2+ plays an essential role in this process (Chapter 7). During this maturation process, we observed a gradual decrease of spermatozoa sensitivity to environmental Ca2+. We found that testicular spermatozoa motility could be activated only when the Ca2+ concentration is high. Thus, we hypothesize that maturation process might be controlled by Ca2+ influx into the cell with subsequent loading of some Ca2+ stores. To our knowledge, these results provide, for the first time, evidence for the presence of Ca2+ stores in sturgeon spermatozoa. As a conclusion, the results of this study shed light on osmotic and ionic regulation of sperm motility in different fish species. The involvement of specific ions together with osmotic shock in fish spermatozoa maturation and aging were clarified. These findings broaden the possibilities of in vitro sperm manipulation in fisheries practice such as the use of sturgeon testicular spermatozoa, improvement of poor quality sperm in salmonids at the end of spawning season, and increase of carp sperm cryoresistance.
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