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Vaginal microbiota and its effect in pregnancy
Mašátová, Eva ; Vejsová, Marcela (advisor) ; Konečná, Klára (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Author: Eva Mašátová Trainer: Mgr. Marcela Vejsová, Ph.D. Title: Vaginal microbiota and its effect in pregnancy This work was created to summarize the knowledge of the vaginal microbiota in general and also during the pregnancy. The work deals with the description of individual microorganisms naturally occurring in the vaginal environment and their occurrence in the population. Diagnostic methods and techniques used in gynecology for examination of the vaginal environment are also described. The last part describes the antimicrobial treatment and its changes during the pregnancy. The vaginal microbiota is a diverse ecosystem of every woman that changes during her lifetime with a variety of influences. During the pregnancy, the risk of serious complications, such as premature birth or infections, is significantly increased when the patient is colonized. If the patient is colonized, it is not possible to definitely determine whether it is a pathological condition or not. Representatives of the genus Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Gardnerella, Candida, Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma and others are naturally present in the vaginal environment. The pathogen is securely proven mainly by the density of...
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The role of intestinal microbiota in the development of Alzheimer's dementia
Hakenová, Kristina ; Valeš, Karel (advisor) ; Vodička, Martin (referee)
Preserving health at a higher age depends on the function of biological homeostatic systems (neural endocrine and immune activities), where the biological interaction between these systems and the intestinal microflora plays a key role. One of the most serious diseases associated with aging is Alzheimer's dementia (AD) and it is the most common cause of dementia in the world. This disease is accompanied by cognitive impairment associated with accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary fibres in brain tissue. Naturally, biological changes occur during the process of aging, resulting in reduced functional capacity of the organism, accompanied by an increased risk of inflammatoryprocesses involved in the etiology of several chronic, pathologies, including neurodegenerative processes. These modulatory processes are associated with oxidative stress and intestinal dysbiosis. It is already well documented in the scientific literature that significant changes in the composition of intestinal microbiota occur in aging. These changes can lead to several biological changes, including increased permeability of the intestinal barrier, thereby causing the increased penetration of many biologically active substances into the body. This may be a risk factor for the development of inflammation in both...
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Novel mechanisms of T cell-mediated intestinal autoimmunity to Paneth cells
Brabec, Tomáš ; Filipp, Dominik (advisor) ; Janečková, Lucie (referee)
(En) Paneth cells are one of the major player in the maintenance of the homeostatic relationship between intestinal microbiota and the immune system. This function is largely achieved by their production of bactericidal enteric α-defensins (ED) and other antimicrobials. Disruption of Paneth cell functions is associated with severe human disorders such as Crohn's disease (CD) and Autoimmune Polyendocrinopathy- Candidiasis-Ectodermal Dystrophy (APECED). However, there is only a very limited information regarding the interactions and regulatory circuits operating between Paneth cells and intestinal immune system in either health or under pathological conditions. The previous study conducted in our laboratory described a new mechanism for the initiation and maintenance of Paneth cells targeted autoimmunity. The suggested model was that ED-specific T cells escape the selection in the thymus, infiltrate the intestine and diminish Paneth cell numbers through autoimmune destruction. This process also lead to the accumulation of inflammation- inducing bacteria, which were implied to exacerbate the inflammatory autoimmunity. Since this model of intestinal autoimmunity is of correlative nature, its intrinsic mechanism and functional relationships between immune system, Paneth cells and microbiota are largely...
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Intestinal microbiota and mood disorders
Ambrožová, Lucie ; Herink, Josef (advisor) ; Jílek, Petr (referee)
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Candidate: Lucie Ambrožová Supervisor: Doc. MUDr. Josef Herink, DrSc. Title of diploma thesis: Intestinal microbiota and mood disorders The intestinal microbiom is composed mainly of two dominated strains - Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes. The other strains are just not numerous like the previous ones. The specimens have the invariable core of microbiom which doesn't change in time. Nevertheless they have also the transient gut bacteria, which change during their life. Intestinal microbiom is influenced by many factors. Between them we can categorize for example the way of the childbirth, the breast - feeding, the alimentation, the state of health, and the medicaments. Every specimen has own specific microbiom. It was found that human population is possible to divide into three intestinal groups or enterotypes. To each enterotype dominates different bacterial strain. It was proved that intestinal microbiom communicates with the brain and it works also vice versa. This communication system is called "brain - intestine" and takes several ways in several body systems (such as nervous, endocrine, metabolic, and immune). To normal development of the brain is needed the right colonisation of non...
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Research of vertebrate-microbiota relationship using germ-free organisms
Kubovčiak, Jan ; Kreisinger, Jakub (advisor) ; Hájková, Petra (referee)
Germ free (axenic) animals are individuals reared under specific conditions preventing their contact with surrounding microorganisms. Some of the features observed in these individuals vary from those observed in naturally colonized counterparts. These differences probably reflect the influence of presence of a complex intestinal microbial population in the intestine, which influences important physiological functions of the host body by various mechanisms. Thus, nature of these differences allows to study relationship of the host, vertebrate in this case and its microbiota, which evolved into a complicated system of interactions providing relatively stable coexistence. Germ free research of this relationship is focused on interactions between microbiota and host's immune system, metabolism, morphology of digestive tract and behavior. This thesis provides summary of research outcomes on previously mentioned topics. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Microbiota of the digestive tract of bees and related insect and the influencing facftors
Hroncová, Zuzana ; Havlík, Jaroslav (advisor) ; Kalous, Lukáš (referee)
This thesis consists of six research chapters, out of which, five have already been published in research journals, 1 is in the process of submission and the last chapter presents original unpublished confidential data in the process of manuscript preparation.
The research presented in this thesis concerns the complex mechanisms of bees and wasps immune system focused on microbiota as component of immunity. As shown in the introduction, highly social and managed species of bees like honey bees and bumble bees, play key roles in natural and agricultural ecosystems worldwide. Recent losses of bees have been attributed to pesticide exposure, poor nutrition, increased parasite loads and habitat degradation. Over the past several years, governments, beekeepers, and the general public worldwide have become concerned by increased losses of honey bee colonies, calling for more research on how to keep colonies healthy. Our main aim was to explore the complex mechanisms of bees and related species gut bacterial populations, their links to insect immunity and investigate the opportunities for an intervention. Part of our aim was to characterise the bumble bee and wasp gut microbiota using 16S RNA sequencing in a search for potentially novel bacterial species.
We have tried to explain how microbiome interacts with the host and showed that major members of these communities appear to benefit the host. The simple gut communities of social bees present ideal model systems to investigate the underlying evolutionary and genetic processes of such interactions. Information based on our results may help in the design of proper probiotic supplementation strategies with respect to physiological conditions in the honey bee gut.
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Effect of enteral nutrition on the microbiota of children with Crohn's disease
Halbrštátová, Eliška ; Bunešová, Věra (advisor) ; Salmonová, Hana (referee)
Each year there are many facts being discovered, supporting the unexceptionable importance of intestinal microbiota on human health. One of these many fields of interest is the significant role of microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases arising due to disruption to its balance. This bachelor thesis deals with one of the aforementioned inflammatory bowel diseases, namely Crohn's disease, whose occurrence increases not only in children, but in adults also. Because of the fact that there hasn't been discovered any effective drug yet, treatment is targeted on suppressing the inflammation, curtailment of the urgent phase and attaining long term symptomless period. One of treatment options is enteral nutrition, whose influence on microbiota will be investigated in this study. The research is focused on the influence of nutrition in children patients, which differs by its specifics from adult treatment.
Due to the difficulty of the study, from 50 originally classified patients, 15 children patients of Motol University Hospital were selected. Those were subjected to treatment by enteral nutrition for a period of 6 weeks, during which stool samples were taken. Fresh stool samples were used for cultivation and biochemical test.
Cultivated and quantified were the groups of gramnegative bacteria, coliform bacteria and Escherichia coli, total amount of anaerobic bacteria and bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus and Enterococcus. Biochemical tests were further conducted, those were targeted on the detection and identification of the genus Bifidobacterium in the patient's stool. For identification, the commercial diagnostic system API ZYM was used. With the aim of promoting the conclusiveness of study, samples were preserved for the isolation of bacterial DNA and further research.
A review of the literature proved the fact that in Crohn's disease some of the beneficial bacterial groups are reduced, while, on the other side, quantity of some bacterial groups increases, which converts otherwise beneficial and ordinarily inhabiting groups of the intestinal microbiota to pathogenic ones. So enteral nutrition treatment should support increasing the number of reduced groups and the pathogenic ones should be reduced to benefit of reduced groups.
Summing up the results of our study comes to the conclusion, that expected increase bacteria of the genus Enterococcus a Lactobacillus was achieved, thus confirming efficiency of enteral nutrition treatment. On the contrary, the growth of the bacteria of the genus E. coli and the group of coliform bacteria, together with the downturn of bacteria of the genus Bifidobacterium, refutes the efficiency of enteral nutrition treatment.
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