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Evidence for direct and indirect benefits of female promiscuity in vertebrates
Kuba, Martin ; Albrecht, Tomáš (advisor) ; Šulc, Michal (referee)
Female promiscuous behaviour has been observed in many vertebrate groups but its evolution and potential benefits to promiscuous females remain unclear. To explain female promiscuous behaviour, both adaptive and non-adaptive hypotheses have been proposed. According to adaptive hypotheses, females are promiscuous, because they gain benefits through multiple male copulations. These can further be divided into direct benefits hypotheses, where females are assumed to benefit directly from promiscuity by gaining more resources to themselves and improving their own survival, and indirect (genetic) benefits hypotheses where fitness gains to promiscuous females are through improved quality of their offspring. In contrast, according to non-adaptive hypotheses, females do not gain any benefits from promiscuous behaviour and female promiscuous behaviour is a result of male offensive strategies to gain paternity. Adaptive hypotheses, especially those concerning genetic benefits, are highly debated and existing studies often differ in their conclusions. The aim of this thesis is to provide a review of studies evaluating adaptive and non-adaptive hypotheses to explain female promiscuous behaviour in vertebrates. Key words: Promiscuity, sexual conflict, sperm competition, good genes, genetic complementarity,...
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Murderous mother in Czech press of the 2nd half 19th century through early 20th century
Matoušková, Tereza ; Himl, Pavel (advisor) ; Velková, Alice (referee)
Subject of the presented paper is press image of murderous mothers in Czech press of the 2nd half of the 19th century through early 20th century. Industrial revolution contributed to several changes in central European society, for example higher mobility of the population, including young unmarried women, who hereby became separated from their relatives. There is a fear of moral corruption in the society, a fear related to unrestricted sexuality and extramarital pregnancy, which could lead to the murder of the unwanted child. Contemporary press largely contributed to form a stereotypical image of murderous mothers. Press articles also served as moral stories, which could normatively influnce the readers.
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Midwifery of Period Called Pobelohorska Infanticide
Surá, Alexandra ; Říhová, Milada (advisor) ; Čechura, Jaroslav (referee) ; Pařízek, Antonín (referee)
I initially explored historic figures of European accoucheur of the 17. and 18. century. Beyond this I focused on a period called "Pobělohorská" in Czech countries. I summarized the health conditions of the population during this period, and described medical professions, midwifery and emergency Christening ceremonies. One chapter discusses partnerships and considers women who hid their pregnancy to avoid the prospect of caring for their children in the future. For this reason I present questions relating to how women hid their pregnancy during the Early Modern period. In the next chapter I discuss aspects of the process of giving birth, the locations where women gave birth and the moments thereafter. I present the circumstances of the death of the baby and the possible causes of death. The process of investigation of the scene, an assessment of the body and the search for the mother of the baby (as a potential murderer) are all considered. The assessment of the body was in the hands of the regional physiciusurgeon and a midwife. In my work I describe how the body was assessed, how they judged the maturity of the newborn baby and if the baby was born dead or alive. Further chapters explain the treatment of the umbilical cord, the inquisition of the witnesses and the suspect, and the next steps of...
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Midwifery of Period Called Pobelohorska Infanticide
Surá, Alexandra ; Říhová, Milada (advisor) ; Čechura, Jaroslav (referee) ; Pařízek, Antonín (referee)
I initially explored historic figures of European accoucheur of the 17. and 18. century. Beyond this I focused on a period called "Pobělohorská" in Czech countries. I summarized the health conditions of the population during this period, and described medical professions, midwifery and emergency Christening ceremonies. One chapter discusses partnerships and considers women who hid their pregnancy to avoid the prospect of caring for their children in the future. For this reason I present questions relating to how women hid their pregnancy during the Early Modern period. In the next chapter I discuss aspects of the process of giving birth, the locations where women gave birth and the moments thereafter. I present the circumstances of the death of the baby and the possible causes of death. The process of investigation of the scene, an assessment of the body and the search for the mother of the baby (as a potential murderer) are all considered. The assessment of the body was in the hands of the regional physiciusurgeon and a midwife. In my work I describe how the body was assessed, how they judged the maturity of the newborn baby and if the baby was born dead or alive. Further chapters explain the treatment of the umbilical cord, the inquisition of the witnesses and the suspect, and the next steps of...
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Crime of murder and klling under Section 140 and 141 of the Czech Criminal Code
Rossmannová, Kateřina ; Hořák, Jaromír (advisor) ; Krupička, Jiří (referee)
CRIME OF MURDER AND CRIME OF MANSLAUGHTER ACCORDING TO § 140 TZ, § 141 TZ The topic of my thesis is the crime of murder (§ 140) and the crime of manslaughter (§ 141 of the Criminal Code). These are the most serious crimes directed against human life. As the topic of human life is very important for my work, the first chapter is focused on the description of the legal regulation of the protection of human life in the terms of Czech and international regulation as well as on definition of the beginning and the end of human life. In this chapter I have also included the infanticide. In the next chapter I dealt with the constituent elements of the crime of murder and manslaughter. Separately, I spoke about the object, the physical element, the subject and the mental element of these crimes. In the section discussing the object I focused on the subject of attack and on the victim, too. Under the discussion about the subject I tried to define the subject of the crime of murder. The fourth chapter is devoted to the classification of crimes of murder and manslaughter under the valid Criminal Code and to comparison of new and old conception of these crimes arising from the new and the old Criminal Codes valid in the Czech republic. The following chapter is focused on the crime of murder. In this chapter I...
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