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Drugs in municipal wastewaters and their removal
Weberová, Kateřina ; Načeradská, Jana (advisor) ; Kopecká, Ivana (referee)
This research bachelor's thesis focuses on the occurence of illicit drugs in municipal wastewaters and their removal in wastewater treatment plants. The thesis focuses in detail on four psychoactive substances, which are tetrahydrocannabinol, MDMA, cocaine and methamphetamine, and their most commonly monitored metabolites. The work provides an overview of their presence in the aquatic environment and in wastewaters at the influent to wastewater treatment plants. In surface water, substances are found in concentrations up to hundreds of nanograms per liter. Concentrations of drugs at the influent to wastewater treatment plants normally range from tens to hundreds of nanograms per liter, with increased consumption reaching several thousand nanograms per liter. The thesis also focuses to efficiency of removal of selected psychoactive substances and their main metabolites during different stages of wastewater treatment. The findings indicate that the primary treatment is significant for tetrahydrocannabinol, less so for other substances. Tetrahydrocannabinol and its metabolites, in contrast to the other investigated substances, are lipophilic and their sorption occurs on the solid phase of wastewater. High concentrations of cannabinoids occur in sewage sludge, where they can persist in lower...
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Crossing the line behind the stage: drugs in theatre
Rybová, Tereza ; Spalová, Barbora (advisor) ; Novotná, Hedvika (referee)
This thesis explores a specific discourse on cocaine non-use/use in the theatre environment, specifically among students and graduates of an arts college in the 20-30 age group. Thus, the research focuses on the use of psychotropic substances in a relatively privileged context. Through a phenomenological research design, an understanding of the lived experience of the actors is achieved. The data was collected through thirteen in-depth interviews. Respondents included non-users, occasional users, people in outpatient treatment and former drug distributors. The study explores how actors perceive experiences with particular drugs and how they define the boundaries of acceptability within psychotropic substance use. The thesis also focuses on what users consider essential during the act of use itself. Special attention is then given to economic relations, drug distribution and perceptions of illegality. The work also touches on the experience of abstinence and outpatient treatment. In addition to describing use in a specific theatrical setting through the eyes of the actors themselves, it is revealed how substance use is normalized in this group and how the actors (dis)define themselves from the socially supported discourse.
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Securitization and Stigmatizaton of Illicit Drugs in Slovakia and their Impact on Users
Pecuch, Valentín ; Vostal, Filip (advisor) ; Střítecký, Vít (referee)
The thesis deals with the stigmatization and securitization of (illicit) drugs in Slovakia and its impact on drug users. Currently, drugs are seen as a threat to the security of society, and users are considered reprehensible non-members of society. The theory of securitization is expanded with a critical dimension that allows it not only to describe and evaluate the state of affairs, but possibly to contribute to the improvement of the situation through emancipation. Stigmatization helps to complement securitization, as it allows to show concrete effects on individuals. The thesis also elaborates on the evolution of attitudes towards drugs and drug users both in the international environment and Slovakia, as there have been major changes at the global level over the past century, often motivated by the interests of powerful states. In the Slovak environment, however, there was a sharp change of perspective only after 1989, and the thesis analyses this development in more detail up to the current day, in which stigmatization and securitization of drugs and users still persists. This perspective remains unchanged, despite statistics showing a decline in the number of illegal drug users. However, alcohol and cigarettes have seen an increase in users, also among young people. These findings are complemented by...
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Controlled ilicid drug use among adolescents.
PÝCHOVÁ, Gabriela
The bachelor thesis deals with the controlled use of illegal drugs among adolescents. This thesis consists of the theoretical and the empirical part. The theoretical part describes the summary of existing knowledge in the field of the controlled using. The summary is focused on the models of controlled drug use, rules among controlled drug users, possibilities of control over different illegal drugs or typology of controlled drug users. Additionally the theoretical part is discussing the adolescent age, which is further described in the context of use of addictive substances. Empirical part has a character of qualitative research. Data were obtained by semi-structured interview. The goal of this thesis is to provide a view on illegal drug use by adolescents through phenomenon of controlled use. Particularly it seeks to find the circumstances and conditions of controlled drug use, rules of controlled drug users, motives behind illegal drug use and the means, which drug users employ to deal with the withdrawal symptoms.
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Substance use and gambling among children in juvenile detention (diagnostic) centres in the Czech Republic
Kovaříková, Veronika ; Drbohlavová, Barbora (advisor) ; Mravčík, Viktor (referee)
Background: Various studies describe the emergence of addiction as a negative interplay of bio- psycho- social factors. It was found that children and adolescents who get into diagnos- tic institutions are exposed to multiple factors that increase the likelihood of developing problematic behaviours, substance abuse and gambling than the general population. It is thus likely that in the future they will be more vulnerable to addiction than the general population. Objectives: Main goals of this research were to provide an overview of the situation of sub- stance abuse among children and adolescents in diagnostic institutes in the Czech Republic and to compare selected data with results of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs of 2011 (ESPAD). Another objective was to find the specifics of drug abuse and gambling in clients of diagnostic centres in different parts of the Czech Republic. Methods: Data for this study were collected by the interviewer using a questionnaire, which was inspired by the questionnaire from the ESPAD survey and was also extended to include issues related to gambling. Data were processed by descriptive analysis in MS Excel. Results: The results show that boys use addictive substances and play betting games more often than girls. Daily smoking was...
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Analysis of effectiveness of the psychoactive drugs prohibition and economic and social consequences of legalization
Mráz, Vít ; Štekláč, Jiří (advisor) ; Doležal, Ondřej (referee)
Nowadays, there is lot of discussion about drug legalization or about the inefficiency of the current prohibitive policy. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the economic and social impact of prohibition, compare them with the likely economic and social impact of legalization and then, from this comparison, evaluate which of these two policies is more efficient. The first part is an introduction of the topic of illicit drug policy and illicit drugs in general. In the second part, I evaluate the impact of these two policies on the wide spectrum of domains which drug policy affects. In the third part, where I summarize and compare the impacts of these two policies, I reach the conclusion, that prohibition compared to legalization causes significant increase in criminality, increases the harm of drugs used, increases the expenditure and lowers the revenue of the state budget and a lot of other negative effects. On the other hand, prohibition probably reduces the amount of drug users. Moreover I reach the conclusion that drug policy will be soon challenged by problems raised by new technologies. The thesis concludes that legalization would be better since it has the potential to reduce or completely minimize the negative impacts of prohibition.
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Estimation of drug trade as a part of illegal economy
Vopravil, Jiří ; Hronová, Stanislava (advisor) ; Seger, Jan (referee) ; Radimecký, Josef (referee)
Drug trade is a part of non-observed economy in the system of national accounts. Estimations of drug trade were made from demand side based on estimation of drug consumption. This needs estimations of drug users, which was possible to estimate from drug use prevalence in last year. Several surveys done in society were the data source. Other information from the surveys was information about frequency of drug use. Several research studies gave information about consumed drug quantity by one opportunity. Police and customs have a common database about drug seizures. The database is source for information about import and export of drugs, drug purities by production or import and by consumption or export. Police reports drug prices also. The physical indicators of the drug trade are recalculated by wholesale and retail prices into financial indicators, which are possible to record into system of national accounts.
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