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Evolution of discourse markers in Czech: case study of vždyť
Doischer, Tomáš ; Zíková, Magdalena (advisor) ; Beneš, Martin (referee)
The main goal of this paper is to analyze one specific Czech discourse marker, vždyť, both from the synchronic and diachronic position. In the context of this analysis, some questions of linguistic methodology are discussed. Most of this analysis focused on its semantic properties, which were described using the NSM methodology (Natural Semantic Metalanguage). NSM allows its users to describe the meaning of grammatical words in natural language, thanks to which a researcher can formulate the expression's function without having to use a complicated and obscure terminology. The resulting definition of vždyť is compared to the description found in Czech dictionaries, whose authors, unlike my approach, describe the meaning of vždyť in terms of multiple senses, polysemy. Apart from semantics, a small part of the chapter is dedicated to the description of other properties of vždyť, e. g. phonetics. In the diachronic analysis, a hypothesis is formulated about the emergence of vždyť from the originally temporal marker vždy, explaining it on the basis of conversational implicatures. That is illustrated by some examples of vždy from the earliest available linguistic data from Czech. I then describe the meaning of vždyť in Old Czech, while speculation about its further development is hindered by the lack of adequate...
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Extended Particles: Their Meaning and Use
Pivkač, Petr ; Kanasugi, Petra (advisor) ; Weber, Michael (referee)
The objective of this thesis is to explore the morphological, syntactic and particularly semantic features of expressions of the Japanese grammar, called extended particles. This research work is, in practice, carried out both in general, when there is examined the whole grammatical category of the extended particles and specifically, when there is examined a small group of semantically similar extended particles. This group includes the extended particles wo moto ni shite, ni motozuite and ni sotte, meaning they express basis for a particular action. Based on an expert literature and analysis of authentic language materials these extended particles are examined primarily for differences in their meanings. In addition to research and specification of such differences for each individual extended particle there is also determined its primary and secondary use. In the conclusion, there is a summary of the specifics of the grammatical category of the extended particles that is thereto complemented by a contemplation of the relationship of the extended particles with the process of grammaticalization. Keywords: extended particle, fukugōjoshi, particle, Japanese, grammaticalization.
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Grammaticalization potentiel of the anaphoric ten in spoken narative discourse
Zíková, Magdalena ; Friedová, Mirjam (advisor) ; Nedolužko, Anna (referee) ; Berger, Tilman (referee)
In my Ph.D. thesis, I examine the use of referential devices in spoken narrative discourse with predominant anaphoric reference. Special attention is paid to the relationship between two competing forms: lexical phrases containing the lexeme ten (ten-MARKED NPs) and lexical phrases not containing it (UNMARKED NPs) in repeated mentions. A primary aim of the work is (i) to identify factors favouring the use of ten-marked NPs at the expense of unmarked NPs and (ii) to explore the possibility of the lexeme ten grammaticalizing from its anaphoric use. Theoretically and methodologically I benefit mostly from the conception of discourse anaphora and the theory of grammaticalization. The referential devices are systematically explored in terms of their distribution into different classes according to a set of parameters and their values. These parameters reflect the conceptual (animacy), grammatical (syntactic function, type of clause etc.) as well as discourse characteristics of the forms and their referents (informational status of the NP in the clause, activation and persistence of the referent, etc.). The data consist of 45 short narratives produced by 15 speakers. The speakers' task was to retell three short silent-movie sketches which they had seen immediately before the recording. The design of the...
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The Development of the Form -m.u to Forms -ó/ -jó and daró as an Example of Grammaticalization and Subjectification
Kanasugi, Petra ; Švarcová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Fiala, Karel (referee) ; Barešová, Ivona (referee)
The thesis is a continuation of studies of Japanese modality, however its theme is not defined based on a particular kind of modality as is commonly done in synchronic studies but based on completely or to a degree shared common origin of the studied forms. Usage and properties of Early Middle Japanese -m.u are compared with usage and properties of Modern Japanese {-ō /-jō} a darō, schematic meanings of respective forms are suggested and grammaticalization and subjectification shifts which have taken place during approximately one thousand years of development are mapped. The results of the analysis show that subjectification has taken place and that the main impuls leading to the subjectification changes was grammaticalization of suffix -m.u to ending {-ō /-jō} respectively to particle (in Narrog (1998) terms) darō, which lead to split of one schematic meanings "inclination" in general control cycle (Langacker 2002, 2009) to two separate schematic meanings "inclination" in factual respectively epistemic control cycle. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Grammaticalization potentiel of the anaphoric ten in spoken narative discourse
Zíková, Magdalena ; Friedová, Mirjam (advisor) ; Nedolužko, Anna (referee) ; Berger, Tilman (referee)
In my Ph.D. thesis, I examine the use of referential devices in spoken narrative discourse with predominant anaphoric reference. Special attention is paid to the relationship between two competing forms: lexical phrases containing the lexeme ten (ten-MARKED NPs) and lexical phrases not containing it (UNMARKED NPs) in repeated mentions. A primary aim of the work is (i) to identify factors favouring the use of ten-marked NPs at the expense of unmarked NPs and (ii) to explore the possibility of the lexeme ten grammaticalizing from its anaphoric use. Theoretically and methodologically I benefit mostly from the conception of discourse anaphora and the theory of grammaticalization. The referential devices are systematically explored in terms of their distribution into different classes according to a set of parameters and their values. These parameters reflect the conceptual (animacy), grammatical (syntactic function, type of clause etc.) as well as discourse characteristics of the forms and their referents (informational status of the NP in the clause, activation and persistence of the referent, etc.). The data consist of 45 short narratives produced by 15 speakers. The speakers' task was to retell three short silent-movie sketches which they had seen immediately before the recording. The design of the...
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Evolution of discourse markers in Czech: case study of vždyť
Doischer, Tomáš ; Zíková, Magdalena (advisor) ; Beneš, Martin (referee)
The main goal of this paper is to analyze one specific Czech discourse marker, vždyť, both from the synchronic and diachronic position. In the context of this analysis, some questions of linguistic methodology are discussed. Most of this analysis focused on its semantic properties, which were described using the NSM methodology (Natural Semantic Metalanguage). NSM allows its users to describe the meaning of grammatical words in natural language, thanks to which a researcher can formulate the expression's function without having to use a complicated and obscure terminology. The resulting definition of vždyť is compared to the description found in Czech dictionaries, whose authors, unlike my approach, describe the meaning of vždyť in terms of multiple senses, polysemy. Apart from semantics, a small part of the chapter is dedicated to the description of other properties of vždyť, e. g. phonetics. In the diachronic analysis, a hypothesis is formulated about the emergence of vždyť from the originally temporal marker vždy, explaining it on the basis of conversational implicatures. That is illustrated by some examples of vždy from the earliest available linguistic data from Czech. I then describe the meaning of vždyť in Old Czech, while speculation about its further development is hindered by the lack of adequate...
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Semantic analysis of Swedish phrasal verbs with consideration of differences between prepositions and adverbs
Šípková, Jitka ; Štajnerová, Petra (advisor) ; Hartlová, Dagmar (referee)
(anglicky): In my thesis I analyze how Swedish verbal particles change semantics of the verb. Mainly I compare different types of verbal particles: bound and free particles, prepositional and adverbial particles. I observe how meaning of the verb + particle changes from local to metaphorical and further to lexicalized and grammaticalized meaning. Theoretical observations are based on general linguistics, particularly on premises of functional approaches. In the practical part of the thesis I analyze behavior of particles ut and av on a corpus sample. In the final part I compare conclusions made based on the literature with analysis of the language sample. The results show that most often verb + particle are lexicalized phrases. That applies even in cases, when the particle decides whether the action expressed by the verb has reached its end or not, which I considered partially grammaticalized in the theoretical part. Many of the lexicalized particle verbs have transparent meaning, which is possible to duplicate based on analogy. Such particle verbs with metaphorical, transparent meaning are source for great variability in the system of Swedish particle verbs. In the final part of the thesis I show parallels between Swedish verb particles and Czech verbal prefixes. These differ mainly in that the...
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The Adjective poslední in Czech Lexicon. A Diachronic View
Gabrielová, Hana ; Martínek, František (advisor) ; Dittmann, Robert (referee)
The thesis describes the position of adjective poslední in system of the Czech lexicon with particular reference to Middle Czech and aims to realize its main semantic changes. It results from the dictionaries of the Old Czech lexicon and from the annotated database of evidences which was created on the base of the Middle Czech text corpora. The brief chapter dealing with "pre-Czech" context is following by detailed analysis of lexicography description in the Old Czech dictionaries. The second part summarizes the results of Middle Czech semantic analysis, consisting especially of the component analysis and the analysis of syntagma.
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The Development of the Form -m.u to Forms -ó/ -jó and daró as an Example of Grammaticalization and Subjectification
Kanasugi, Petra ; Švarcová, Zdeňka (advisor) ; Fiala, Karel (referee) ; Barešová, Ivona (referee)
The thesis is a continuation of studies of Japanese modality, however its theme is not defined based on a particular kind of modality as is commonly done in synchronic studies but based on completely or to a degree shared common origin of the studied forms. Usage and properties of Early Middle Japanese -m.u are compared with usage and properties of Modern Japanese {-ō /-jō} a darō, schematic meanings of respective forms are suggested and grammaticalization and subjectification shifts which have taken place during approximately one thousand years of development are mapped. The results of the analysis show that subjectification has taken place and that the main impuls leading to the subjectification changes was grammaticalization of suffix -m.u to ending {-ō /-jō} respectively to particle (in Narrog (1998) terms) darō, which lead to split of one schematic meanings "inclination" in general control cycle (Langacker 2002, 2009) to two separate schematic meanings "inclination" in factual respectively epistemic control cycle. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Extended Particles: Their Meaning and Use
Pivkač, Petr ; Kanasugi, Petra (advisor) ; Weber, Michael (referee)
The objective of this thesis is to explore the morphological, syntactic and particularly semantic features of expressions of the Japanese grammar, called extended particles. This research work is, in practice, carried out both in general, when there is examined the whole grammatical category of the extended particles and specifically, when there is examined a small group of semantically similar extended particles. This group includes the extended particles wo moto ni shite, ni motozuite and ni sotte, meaning they express basis for a particular action. Based on an expert literature and analysis of authentic language materials these extended particles are examined primarily for differences in their meanings. In addition to research and specification of such differences for each individual extended particle there is also determined its primary and secondary use. In the conclusion, there is a summary of the specifics of the grammatical category of the extended particles that is thereto complemented by a contemplation of the relationship of the extended particles with the process of grammaticalization. Keywords: extended particle, fukugōjoshi, particle, Japanese, grammaticalization.
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