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Possibilities of using the multigenerational test on the organism Daphnia magna
Měšťánková, Anna ; Maršálková, Eliška (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
This bachelor thesis focuses on the study of the effects of pharmaceutical substances ibuprofen, ketoprofen, and acetylsalicylic acid, as well as their combinations, on the freshwater organism Daphnia magna through multigenerational ecotoxicological tests. The presence of pharmaceutical residues in ecosystems is a significant environmental problem, which necessitates a deeper understanding of their long-term effects on organisms, including aquatic ones. The work monitored the influence of the aforementioned pharmaceuticals through acute tests, as well as chronic ones. While the acute toxicity of these substances is not significant, their long-term impact was demonstrated through chronic tests. A significant decrease in the reproductive capacity of D. magna was observed, manifesting not only in the delay of the first brood but primarily in the overall decrease in offspring numbers across generations. The findings indicate that the combination of drugs can have synergistic toxic effects, which in some cases may lead to a complete cessation of reproduction. Additionally, growth inhibitions, behavioral changes, and body deformations in exposed organisms were observed. These multigenerational tests provide a comprehensive and realistic view of the potential ecotoxicological risk of pharmaceuticals in freshwater ecosystems and support the need for in-depth research on the impact of pharmaceuticals on aquatic organisms.
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Psychoaktivní sloučeniny ve vodním prostředí a jejich účinky na ryby
SANCHO SANTOS, Maria Eugenia
Psychoactive substances are emerging compounds that have received an increasing interest in ecotoxicology as a result of their ubiquitous presence in the environment, and the possible effects over non-targeted fauna. They have been detected in continental waters at concentrations ranging from nanograms to micrograms per litre, mainly as a consequence of the ineffective removal in the sewage treatment plants. Within this group of substances, methamphetamine and tramadol were selected in this dissertation due to the lack of research about their potential effects despite of the high amounts reported in water. Methamphetamine, mainly consumed as an illicit drug, is an addictive psychostimulant with special relevance in Central Europe. Environmental relevant and higher concentrations of methamphetamine in water leaded to histopathological alterations in heart and liver in brown trout (Salmo trutta m. fario). The major changes in heart were microvascular injuries, infiltration and fibrosis; and cytoplasmatic vacuolation of hepatocytes in liver. In addition, apoptotic changes were observed in liver. The findings were very similar to those reported in human and experimental animals. The parent compound and the main metabolite, amphetamine, were detected in trout tissues following the order kidney > liver > brain > muscle > plasma. The concentrations of the metabolite were evidently higher comparing to the parent compound; therefore, the histological findings could be suspected to partially derivate from amphetamine. Behaviour - i.e. activity and place preference - and metabolome changes for the period of withdrawal were observed in trouts, linked to remnants of the parent compound and the metabolite in brain. Tramadol is an extensively used analgesic which singular mode of action provides added antidepressant and anxiolytic effects. Realistic concentration of tramadol in water was found to impair essential behavioural traits in the chub (Squalius cephalus) - a native fish species in Central Europe. The degree of the outcomes was correlated with the individual amounts of tramadol in brain. Exposed fish exhibited anxiolytic-like effects, illustrated by lesser bold and social individuals comparing to controls. In the boldness test, exposed fish were less frequently out of the shelter and moved a shorter distance, therefore, they explored the new environment less than control fish. The novel object recognition experiment indicated that, although they distinguished the new item, their activity was reduced, and they explored the new object less. The increased interindividual distance indicated that the shoal cohesion was disturbed. The behavioural traits were associated to the treatment, suggesting the influence of the pollutant over fish personality. Bioconcentration factors for tramadol and methamphetamine were low in all cases, thus, the probability of bioconcentration for these substances is very low. However, these compounds are continuously released into water, leading to their pseudo-persistence and the consequent presence in tissues. The occurrence in fish, and the parallelism in the target signalization result in similar actions in these organisms comparing to human and experimental models. Here we evidenced that the water pollution with the tested neuroactive substances in the aquatic compartment could lead to unexpected effects over fauna, and subsequent changes in the whole aquatic ecosystem.
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Rola Svetovej obchodnej organizácie v globálnom vládnutí
Vašová, Dominika ; Druláková, Radka (advisor) ; Hnát, Pavel (referee)
This thesis deals with global governance and its changing structures reflected in the challenges to the functioning of post-war intergovernmental institutions. The main aim of the thesis is to find out whether the World Trade Organization is effective enough in dealing with emerging global issues, which is tested on the case study of the adoption of the TRIPS agreement with special focus on pharmaceuticals. In the first chapter, it provides a theoretical framework of the global governance theory and the means for evaluating the effectiveness of international institutions in global governance through input and output legitimacy. The second chapter deals with the role of the World Trade organization in global governance and evaluating its performance. The third chapter evaluates the role of the World Trade Organization in protection of intellectual property rights with focus on pharmaceuticals. The methods used in the thesis include analysis, synthesis, deduction while the research is supported with quantitative data, tables and case study.
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International Patent Rights Regulation and its Effects on Indian Pharmaceutical Industry
Juřík, Richard ; Jiránková, Martina (advisor) ; De Castro, Tereza (referee)
The purpose of the thesis is to analyse the effects of the international regulation of patent rights on pharmaceutical industry in India and to sum up the implementation of the TRIPS Agreement in India with regard to public health in developing countries. The patent rights regulation under the TRIPS Agreement (which all memebers of WTO have approached) and which has an important impact on pharmaceutical industry in developing countries and availibility of cheap pharmaceuticals in general are described in the first part. How India faced these challenges (introduction of extensive intellectual property rights) - analysis of Indian patent regulation and how local pharmaceutical industry managed to adopt to these changes and what are its prospects for the future is the content of the second part of the thesis. The third part is dedicated to the selected impacts on public health in the developing countries.
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