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Molecular typization of isolates from Arthroderma benhamiae complex, a zoonotic agent of epidemic dermatophytosis in Europe
Čmoková, Adéla ; Hubka, Vít (advisor) ; Hrabák, Jaroslav (referee)
Arthroderma benhamiae has been almost unknown among clinical mycologists but it is a cause of around 40 % of dermatophytic infections according to current studies in the Czech Republic. The species is primarily transmitted to humans from guinea pigs and other rodents. The epidemiological situation is similar in other countries in Central and Western Europe. The reason of significant increase in the incidence of infections has not been identified yet, and no sufficiently informative molecular markers have been developed for typification of the species that could help to resolve the cause of this problem. For the purposes of this study, isolates (n=268) from cases of human and animal dermatophytoses from the Czech Republic, Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, Italy, Japan and USA were selected. Ten variable microsatellite markers were developed and sequence analysis of two genetic loci (ITS rDNA and gpdh gene) were performed to reveal intraspecific variation. Phenotype was also studied at the level of micro- and macromorphology of the strains and growth parameters at several temperatures and on several cultivation media. Mating type idiomorph of each isolate was determined and mating experiments were performed by crossing pairs of genetically related as well as genetically distant strains. Sequence...
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Epidemiological Characteristics of the Paediatric Population of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Schwarz, Jan ; Sýkora, Josef (advisor) ; Škvor, Jaroslav (referee) ; Volf, Vladimír (referee)
Summary: With the development of the Industrial Revolution and the associated lifestyle changes, the incidence of idiopathic bowel disease (IBD) is gradually increasing. Chronic intestinal inflammation is thus becoming an important group of autoimmune diseases whose incidence and prevalence are increasing significantly worldwide. Monitoring the incidence of pediatric IBD may contribute to the identification of clinically relevant risk factors. The exact etiology and pathophysiology of IBD is unknown; it is a complex interplay of intestinal dysbiosis, epithelial dysfunction, activation of the immune system and environmental influences in a genetically susceptible individual. Epidemiological data point to a very significant influence of environmental factors. The development of IBD is mainly associated with factors that affect the microbiome and the immune system of the individual. Among the most significant risk factors is diet, which exerts its immunomodulating properties from the newborn period to adulthood. The primary aim of this study is to prospectively monitor the incidence of pediatric IBD in the Pilsen Region (PLK), to analyze the data and compare them with available data from the Czech Republic and worldwide. To minimize the risk of incomplete data, an application was created to prospectively...
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Contact Precautions in Nursing Care in Patients with Infectious Diseases in a Medical Ward
Vanclová, Barbora ; Trojánek, Milan (advisor) ; Neugebauer, Jan (referee)
Bachelor thesis titled "Barrier Nursing Regime in patients with infectious diseases in standard bed ward" delves into the knowledge of non-medical healthcare personnel in the issue of barrier nursing care and barrier isolation regimes, their subsequent application in practice on individual standard wards, and possible ways to increase the motivation of this personnel to adhere to barrier measures. Aims: The aim of this study is to determine whether healthcare personnel adhere to barrier measures when caring for patients with infectious diseases and to assess their knowledge in this area, eventually, reasons for not adhering to these measures and explore potential motivations for adherence. Methods: The research was conducted using a questionnaire survey, which was carried out in 4 hospitals, namely in MMN a.s., Regional Hospital Jičín a.s., Regional Hospital Trutnov a.s., and Regional Hospital Náchod a.s. The questionnaire comprised a total of 23 questions, including 6 open-ended questions and 17 multiple-choice questions. A total of 69 respondents completed the questionnaire. Results: After statistical analysis of the data, it was found that the knowledge of non- medical healthcare personnel in this area is not entirely satisfactory, which often leads to incorrect utilization of barrier regimes....
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Epidemiological modeling of Covid-19
Motlíčková, Klára ; Ředina, Richard (referee) ; Mézl, Martin (advisor)
This bachelor thesis deals with matematical compartment modeling of the COVID-19 pandemic. The basic epidemiological models are presented and six studies that deal with the behavior of the SARS-CoV-2 virus under different conditions are presented. On the SIR model are estimated parameters for first and fourth wave of the epidemic, using algorithm in MATLAB is made optimalization for all the waves of epidemic in the Czech Republic and also for the fourth wave on the SEIR model. The impact of antiepidemic measures is modelled on the SIR model.
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One Health approach to understand emerging zoonotic pathogens in the Trichophyton benhamiae complex
Čmoková, Adéla ; Hubka, Vít (advisor) ; Buchta, Vladimír (referee) ; Gené, Josepa (referee)
The Trichophyton benhamiae complex encompasses several zoonotic pathogens that are of increasing concern to the scientific community due to their epidemic spread among pets and their owners. Of particular concern is the sudden appearance and rapid spread of T. benhamiae yellow phenotype strains in Europe. Considerable genetic and phenotypic variability has been revealed in the pathogens from the complex, yet the species limits and host spectra have not been clearly elucidated. To explore the diversity, epidemiology, and taxonomy of the T. benhamiae complex, my colleagues and I formed an international, cross-disciplinary team and applied a holistic One Health approach. We collected a large dataset of strains from several continents, along with associated data about host, clinical picture, and locality. Due to the high level of clonality in commonly used DNA sequence markers, I developed a new typing schema based on ten microsatellite markers and four DNA sequence markers. We then used a polyphasic approach combining data from independent analyses to decide on species limits in the T. benhamiae complex, including phylogenetic and population-genetic analyses, phenotypic and physiological analyses, mating-type gene characterization, ecological data and MALDI- TOF mass spectrometry analysis. Thanks to...
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Kampaně na eradikaci vybraných infekčních chorob ve Vietnamu s ohledem na socio-ekonomický a politický vývoj
Ostřanská, Simona
The topic of the bachelor's thesis is the political and socio-economic development of Vietnam and its impact on the epidemiological situation. The first part of the thesis describes the key determinants of political and socio-economic development and their influence on the epidemiological and demographic trends in Vietnam. This section also provides an overview of the regional and ethnic divisions within the country. The thesis then focuses on the epidemiological transition and the period of the Đổi Mới reforms and their effects on the healthcare system. The main section is dedicated to the epidemiological situation after the reunification of Vietnam and the analysis of the efforts to eliminate tuberculosis and measles, with a detailed examination of the implemented campaigns and obstacles for the process of elimination. Based on this section, the final chapter explores the theme of social inequality and the challenges faced by ethnic minorities in Vietnamese society.
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Infekční nemoci a problematika sanitace na příkladu vybraných regionů Indie
Krupicová, Vendula
The bachelor's thesis deals with infectious diseases and poor sanitation in India. Epidemiological and demographic transitions are described in the thesis, which is followed by specific cases of the disease in India and the sanitation situation. The theoretical part is divided into a general overview of theories and then into the inclusion of India in the framework of epidemiology. The third part deals with the sanitation situation in the country and compares the access to sanitation between rural and urban areas, mentions the consequences of poor sanitation and evaluates some government measures as a solution to the sanitation situation. In the fourth part, two case studies are mentioned, which will specify the situation in selected regions of India in more detail. The practical part deals with interviews with experts who have been in the state of Jharkhand, and experts who compared the situation in the Czech Republic and India. The discussion and conclusion containing a summary, fulfilment of goals and suggestions for future additions.
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Demografický a epidemiologický vývoj ve středoasijských republikách bývalého SSSR po jeho rozpadu
Vymlátilová, Natálie
The bachelor's thesis deals with the analysis of demographic and epidemiological developments in the Central Asian republics of the former USSR after its collapse, focusing on the situation of the poorest countries of the region, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, and the associated health challenges. During the existence of the USSR, the Central Asian republics underwent a series of reforms in the political, economic and social spheres, accompanied by a somewhat positive impact on the demographic and epidemiological situation of the region. The collapse of the Soviet regime caused a temporary disruption of the hitherto existing developments and a collapse of the demographic and epidemiological achievements made, leaving the region once again at the beginning of its struggle against diseases and the associated morbidity and mortality problems. The aim of this paper is to determine the demographic and epidemiological situation prevailing in the countries of Central Asia after the collapse of the USSR using selected indicators, and in particular to analyze the development of health policies and programs implemented by governments and health organizations in the countries of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan in the context of developments since the collapse of the USSR and their success.
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Multiple sclerosis - clinical and paraclinical markers for monitoring disease activity and factors influencing its course
Šťastná, Dominika ; Horáková, Dana (advisor) ; Libertínová, Jana (referee) ; Taláb, Radomír (referee)
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease that, without treatment, leads over years to decades to severe disability in most patients. We cannot cure the disease, but there is growing evidence that early initiation of anti-inflammatory therapy and management of associated comorbidities has a major impact on its course. Patient registries have an irreplaceable contribution to evaluating factors influencing the MS course and the monitoring of therapeutic agents in real clinical practice. First, this thesis evaluated therapy management trends between 2013 and 2021 based on data from the Czech National MS Registry (ReMuS). Subsequently, the paper responds to the onset of the covid-19 pandemic through registry data and addresses this issue in the context of MS. The proportion of patients in ReMuS treated with high-efficacy disease-modifying therapies (HE-DMT) increased from 16.2% to 37.1% between 2013 and 2021, and the proportion of treatment-naive patients initiating HE-DMT increased from 2.1% to 18.5%. Regarding covid-19 infection, we determined that higher body mass index, older age, recent high-dose glucocorticoid treatment, and anti-CD20 therapy were independent variables associated with pneumonia based on data from 958 MS patients with a history of covid-19. Further, we analyzed...
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