|
|
Changes in population structures in the European Union countries based on census data
Kahoun, Lukáš ; Šídlo, Luděk (advisor) ; Maláková, Kateřina (referee)
Changes in population structures in the European Union countries based on census data Abstract Population structures have undergone dynamic development in recent decades. This thesis focuses on the development of structure by age, marital status, economic activity and education in 1991-2011. The thesis primarily uses census data, because they have unified methodology across EU countries. In particular, the thesis analyses the state and the change in the shares of the different structure categories, but also uses more detailed analytical methods. According to the results of the age structure analysis, all observed countries have aged considerably, which also influenced the development of other structures. The dominant trend in other structures was the rise in the share of single and widowed people, economically active women and higher-educated people. The thesis also deals with the influence of geographical location on the researched structures. Bigger homogeneity of structural changes was observed among geographically close countries. Key words: population structures, age, marital status, economic activity, education, Europe, census data
|
|
|
Transmission of uncertainty shocks: learning from heterogeneous responses on a panel of EU countries
Claeys, Peter ; Vašíček, Bořek
Numerous recent studies, starting with Bloom (2009), highlight the impact of varying uncertainty levels on economic activity. These studies mostly focus on individual countries, and cross-country evidence is scarce. In this paper, we use a set of (panel) BVAR models to study the effect of uncertainty shocks on economic developments in EU Member States. We explicitly distinguish between domestic, common and global uncertainty shocks and employ new proxies of uncertainty. The domestic uncertainty indicators are derived from the Business and Consumer Surveys administered by the European Commission. The common EU-wide uncertainty is subsequently derived by means of a factor model. Finally, the global uncertainty indicator – inspired by Jurado et al. (2015) – is extracted as a common factor from a broad set of forecast indicators that are not driven by the business cycle. The results suggest that real output in EU countries drops after spikes in uncertainty, mainly as a result of lower investment. Unlike for the U.S., there is little evidence of activity overshooting following this initial fall. The responses to uncertainty shocks vary across Member States. These differences can be attributed not mainly to different shock sizes, but rather to cross-country structural characteristics. Member States with more flexible labour markets and product markets seem to weather uncertainty shocks better. Likewise, a higher manufacturing share and higher economic diversification help dampen the impact of uncertainty shocks. The role of economic openness is more ambiguous.
Fulltext:  PDF
|
|
|
Transition to a Cashless Society: Impact on Economic Activity
Berkimbayeva, Aliya ; Komárek, Luboš (advisor) ; Schneider, Ondřej (referee)
The present study aims to deliberate over a wider perspective on the topic of physical currency, assuming the global conversion to digital payment instruments affecting stakeholders at different scales alters number of aspects. The theoretical section discusses the process of transition to cashless society by identifying transformation stages and the barriers faced to undertake the shift. Subsequently, the links between factors as business environment, globalization, and shadow economy in relation to physical currency in circulation are examined by static and dynamic panel data analyses applying annual panel data for 70 countries for the period from 2013 to 2017. The conclusive inference is formulated based on outputs from the Blundell-Bond (1998) system GMM estimator. The empirical results provide significant evidence on negative relationship between business environment and physical currency in circulation and contrary positive link for shadow economy. Further, the greater impact of business environment on physical money among variables included, implies the promotion of electronic money solutions solely to be not sufficient to transit to cashless economy. We also construct transformation score ranking for the last five years to snap the transit stage among countries included in the study with...
|
|
|
Predicting Czech Economic Activity Using Toll Data
Učňová, Jana ; Kocourek, David (advisor) ; Šestořád, Tomáš (referee)
Many analysts coincide that transportation is closely linked to economic activity. How- ever, data containing information about transportation have not been part of their re- search for a long time. Introduction of electronic toll collection systems in recent years led to a new source of data containing information about truck transport. This thesis aims to examine the ability of seasonally adjusted toll data to predict Czech economic activity. Economic activity is represented by four variables - real GDP, nominal GDP, in- dustrial production index and the volume of foreign trade. Seven models - five dynamic models, ARIMA model, and regression with ARIMA error - are constructed for each dependent variable. These models are then compared using both Akaike and Bayesian information criterion and the most appropriate model for each dependent variable is selected. It was concluded that both real GDP and industrial production index can be predicted using toll data. Both the number of kilometers travelled, and the amount of toll collected seems to be good predictors of economic activity. Particularly, data con- taining information about toll collected might be more beneficial because the amount of toll collected in given quarter can even predict economic activity in the next quarter. 1
|
|
|
Foreigners on the Czech labour market
Petrova, Viktoriia ; Pavelka, Tomáš (advisor) ; Macáková, Libuše (referee)
The subject of this bachelor thesis is foreigners on the Czech labour market. Theoretical part includes the issue of migration, reasons for migration, its problems and possible benefits. Then follow legislative restrictions for entry and stay of foreigners in the Czech Republic and the conditions for entry of the Czech labour market. The practical part of the thesis is focused on the main goal which is to study the economic activity of foreigners on the labour market and identify their influence on the economy of the Czech Republic. With the growing number of foreigners also grows their influence on the economy of the country and due to that rises the importance of the question if foreigners are an advantage or a disadvantage for the Czech economy. Two hypotheses were made to identify the influence of foreigners on the Czech labour market. The probability of the hypotheses being true was assessed by statistical analysis of data provided by the Czech Statistical Office.
|
|
| |
|
|
Older workers in the labour market
Pazderníková, Michaela ; Pavelka, Tomáš (advisor) ; Sirůček, Pavel (referee)
The thesis is dealing with the older workers in the labour market. The aim of this thesis is to analyse and evaluate the situation of the older workers in the labour market in the Czech Republic, especially in the years 2000 and 2005-2015, or even in 2015, with the focus on the indicators of the labour market, on the position of the older workers in this market according to selected aspects, and on the instruments affecting and encouraging these workers in the labour market. The thesis consists of the theoretical and the practical part. The theoretical part defines the problem of the demographic aging population, because this process is one of the reasons, why it is necessary to pay attention to the older workers in the labour market. This theoretical part is also dealing with the employment, unemployment, employment policy and strategic documents in relation to the older workers. The practical part begins with the demographic development in the Czech Republic, the following chapters are dealing with the analysis of the labour market indicators, instruments to support the older workers in the labour market and the comparison of the Czech Republic and EU states.
|
|
|
The position of older people in the labour market in selected EU countries
Oríšková, Adéla ; Šimková, Martina (advisor) ; Miskolczi, Martina (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the development of economic activity of persons aged 55 or older in the period from 2005 to 2014 and their position in the labour market in the Czech Republic, Greece and Sweden. In addition to the definitions of terms related to demography, economics and social policy, the thesis examines the factors influencing the employment of older people and the EU's approach towards the increasing proportion of the older population in the workforce. Further, it provides an analysis of the position of older people in the labour market. The analysis based on the employment rate and unemployment rate indicators shows that the situation of older workers in the labour market differs in the selected countries.
|
|
|
Multistate Analysis of Unemployment and Additional Statistical Methods for Modelling of Unemployment
Miskolczi, Martina ; Langhamrová, Jitka (advisor) ; Fiala, Tomáš (referee) ; Kotýnková, Magdalena (referee)
Unemployment modelling covers both view of the labour market such as is, economy and knowledge of mathematics, statistics and, thus, econometrics. The importance of unemployment seems to be even more significant after the period of crisis; high unemployment is not only economic burden bud serious social risk and psychological problem as well. In the dissertation thesis, selected models used for unemployment modelling and -- in some cases for its prediction -- are introduced. To be able to predict the future trend of labour market reliably means to be able to plan tools of active and passive employment policies effectively. Alternatively, it means to search programs and supports that help in reduction of unemployment. Specific applications of models for the Czech labour market involve model of multistate life tables, simultaneous econometric models and Phillips curve. Phillips curve of mutual "trade-off" of unemployment and inflation is confirmed in short periods, in longer and long period of time rather fails, it is not reliable. It is not possible to use it for prediction at all; it would be needed to predict inflation. Analogous characteristics has the Beveridge curve. Simultaneous econometric models for number of economically active persons and for unemployment and inflation de facto fail, even though they demonstrate the range of opportunities including point and interval forecasts. Period of economic crisis when changes in labour market principles occur means usually problem for such the models, which work well in periods of stable growth or decline. More, it is difficult to specify these models correctly with regard to threat of multikolinearity. Multistate models aiming at calculation of multistate life tables, or even multistate projection are extremely demanding for input data. But they enable to understand relations or transitions among states, respectively. It is very beneficial tool for comprehension and policy planning in the area of labour market and social affairs in the process of lowering unemployment. Forecasts in such a type of model are possible but difficult because it is necessary to predict probability of transition among states.
|
|
|
Labour market, economic activity and inactivity in Czech Republic from the perspective of gender
Brotánková, Petra ; Fučíková, Simona (advisor) ; Cséfalvaiová, Kornélia (referee)
The aim of this thesis is to analyse the labour market in the Czech Republic between the years 1993 and 2012 from the perspective of gender and to propose possible solutions for balancing family and work life. The thesis consists of two main parts. The theoretical part focuses on the definition of the basic terms associated with the labour market and gender issues, such as balancing family and work life or discrimination. The analytical part draws on the data from the Czech Statistical Office, and is divided into several chapters. The basis is either economic activity or inactivity, and it is further divided into employment and unemployment. These and other indicators are demonstrated on time series showing the development in the last twenty years.
|
guest ::
