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Variability in the response of exodermis to nutrient deficiencies in the environment
Klvaňová, Renáta ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
v angličtině Plant growth and development is largely dependent on the soil environment which is a source of minerals and water needed for plants to survive. However, the availability of these resources in the soil is very heterogenous and important elements can be leached into the lower parts of the soil or bound to soil particles. Plants have therefore developed a number of adaptations during evolution to increase the efficiency of the root system. One of these aspects are the apoplastic barriers (endodermis and exodermis). Both of these layers affect the transport of substances to and from the root, thereby limiting unregulated apoplastic transport through modifications of the cell walls where the polymers that limit the transport of substances are deposited. These are Casparian bands and suberin lamellae. They often differentiate more rapidly when plants are faced with a stress factor such as drought, salinity or toxicity. However, nutrient deficiencies (e.g. N, P, K and Fe) also affect the rate of differentation. Deficiencies can result in both acceleration and deceleration of differentation, which seems to help optimize root transport properties according to the current conditions. However, this reaction has been less studied so far. This work therefore focuses on the analysis of the response...
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Effect of exodermis differentiation on nutrient uptake localization in root
Janoušková, Jana ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
Plants are able to cope with changing environmental conditions or withstand its adverse effects due to their plastic development. One way to adapt to fluctuating amounts of nutrients and water in the environment or the presence of toxic substances is to regulate the movement of substances between the plant and the environment. Beside other, this regulation is also possible at the level of the root system, by the formation of apoplastic barriers endodermis and exodermis. Some species posses endodermis only, in others exodermis in hypodrermal layers of the root can be found. These barriers differentiate in three stages and prevent free movement of coumpounds though apoplast. The transport to the symplast is the key point of regulating the uptake of substances into the plant and the endodermis is the fundamental structure. The presence of exodermis, however, affects the apoplast permeability of the surface root layers and can therefore influence the involvement of the primary cortex cells in the uptake of substances from the environment. In this work the impact of phosphate deficiency on the formation of apoplastic barriers was studied focusing on exodermis and the effect of its differentiation on the occurrence of membrane transporters and involvement of primary cortex cells in the uptake of...
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Mechanisms of exodermal response to nutrient availability in the environment
Gargoš, Ondřej ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Kummerová, Marie (referee)
in English The apoplastic barriers of the root (endodermis and exodermis) represent an important regulatory mechanism for the uptake of water and nutrients from the environment, ensuring its selectivity. In addition, both layers respond to stress factors by altering its rate and degree of cell wall modification, which affects the transport properties of the root and represents adaptive plants to high heterogeneity of the soil environment. Apoplastic barriers also respond to the availability of mineral nutrients. This issue has recently been intensively studied and a number of ambiguities persist. Interestingly, the deficiency of some mineral nutrients stimulates the differentiation of barriers, while the deficiency of other mineral nutrients delays the differentiation. In addition, different plant species react differently to the deficiency of the same element. Another interesting aspect is the fact that the reaction of the endodermis and exodermis is localized and takes place mainly in that part of the root system which is directly exposed to the stress factor. This phenomenon has been observed with cadmium toxicity, but more recently with local nutrient deficiencies (nitrogen and potassium) in Zea mays. This diploma thesis deals with the functional significance of localized enhancing or delaying...
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ICT in work of principal of primary school
Kubínová, Lucie ; Hubert, Vlastimil (advisor) ; Kursch, Martin (referee)
This bachelor thesis deals with deficiencies that elementary school principals must solve in the field of ICT. In particular, there is a lack of the resources available, especially hard sources including ICT equipment, a lack of space for ICT equipment and inadequate connectivity on the Internet, but also soft resources in the field of human resources are missing. This thesis has two goals. The first goal is to find out what kind of deficiencies it is and how big they are and the second goal is to make recommendations for elementary school principals how to deal with these deficiencies. The research that is part of this thesis was focused on principals of elementary schools in the South Moravian Region. The research is conceived as a quantitative survey using an online Internet questionnaire. From the 66 expected respondents to 16 research questions, an analysis is found that leads to the conclusion that my four hypotheses were right. The questions are mainly focused on the finding the type of the shortage and its size from the point of view of elementary school principals, while there is 1 sorting question ( concerning school size) and the last question is focused on the type of education / training of elementary school principals in ICT. Based on the existing deficiencies the recommendation is...
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Micronutrients in home parenteral nutrition
Petříčková, Dagmar ; Meisnerová, Eva (advisor) ; Čapková, Radka (referee)
The topic of the diploma thesis is micronutrients at home parenteral nutrition. In the theoretical part, parenteral nutrition is analyzed, including advantages and disadvantages, indications and contraindications. Intestinal failure is described as the most basic indication for the introduction of long-term / home parenteral nutrition. Following is the characterization and classification of micronutrients and a description of the consequences of their deficiency or surplus. Micronutrients are particularly important as cofactors and coenzymes in enzymatic reactions that would not be possible without them. The key question is whether the plasma levels show the actual state of the stock of the micronutrient in the organism, if the drop in most of the micronutrients that we find in patients reflects the actual deficiency to be substituted, or whether this decrease is an expression of their shift to other segments, the severity of the health condition. In the practical part of the diploma thesis are evaluated the levels of selected micronutrients (vitamin D, vitamin B12, folic acid, iron) in the group of patients with indication of home parenteral nutrition. The evaluation was based on laboratory analysis of patients' results. Key words: Parenteral nutrition, micronutrients, deficiency, surplus
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Nutrient deficiency in vegetarianism in children
ŠIMONÍK, Ondřej
The bachelor thesis deals with nutrient deficiencies in vegetarianism in children. This topic is becoming more and more important, because at present an ever increasing proportion eats in this manner. However, it is important to realize that this diet brings various risks in addition to all the effects that have a positive influence on organism. Especially during growth and evolution of young organism and groups of infants, young children and adolescents are threatened most. The objective of this bachelor thesis was to find out which nutrients are in deficiency in vegetarianism in children. There were two research questions formulated: "What nutrients are in deficiency in children, who eat a vegetarian diet?" and "What leads childern to eating a vegetarian diet?" The thesis is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. The theoretical part focuses on the definition of basic concepts such as vegetarianism and its distribution. It also deals with the risks and preferences of this manner of eating and the problem of the lack of macro and micro nutrients. The practical part was processed using qualitative reseach. The focus group was consisted of 4 children. It was necessary to obtain for the reseach fourteen-day diet records from the children and provide blood sample. Nutrients were found in the blood samples, i. e. the nutrients that are in deficiency, and the diet records were further calculated in the Nutriservis program. The results of the survey are presented in charts and in textual evalution. The reseach shows that in vegetarianism we can find some nutrients in deficiency in all of my respondents and there is a need to increase awareness of that issue.
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Effect of exodermis differentiation on nutrient uptake localization in root
Janoušková, Jana ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
Plants are able to cope with changing environmental conditions or withstand its adverse effects due to their plastic development. One way to adapt to fluctuating amounts of nutrients and water in the environment or the presence of toxic substances is to regulate the movement of substances between the plant and the environment. Beside other, this regulation is also possible at the level of the root system, by the formation of apoplastic barriers endodermis and exodermis. Some species posses endodermis only, in others exodermis in hypodrermal layers of the root can be found. These barriers differentiate in three stages and prevent free movement of coumpounds though apoplast. The transport to the symplast is the key point of regulating the uptake of substances into the plant and the endodermis is the fundamental structure. The presence of exodermis, however, affects the apoplast permeability of the surface root layers and can therefore influence the involvement of the primary cortex cells in the uptake of substances from the environment. In this work the impact of phosphate deficiency on the formation of apoplastic barriers was studied focusing on exodermis and the effect of its differentiation on the occurrence of membrane transporters and involvement of primary cortex cells in the uptake of...
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Privation concept of evil from Plotinus to Thomas Aquinas
TOMANDL, Antonín
The questions about the origin of evil in the world were often a secondary product of the great philosophical systems. One of the first thinkers to deal with that problem systematically was neoplatonic scholar Plotinus. He developed a theory which he considered to be only a continuation of Plato´s thinking. It became an original theory, which in its core, has influence to this day. This theory was, mostly thanks to St. Augustine, applied to christian theology and became the living doctrine. The goal of this thesis is to demonstrate in what Plotinus´ theory of evil was "christianized" through the hand of Augustin. In other words, how it trasformed from a pagan philosophy to a theological one and how it was preserved for rediscovery in the scholastic era and became a new-again topic of scholastic scholars.
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Analysis of prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in adults
Nováková, Jana ; Zimčíková, Eva (advisor) ; Pokladníková, Jitka (referee)
ANALYSIS OF PREVALENCE OF VITAMIN D DEFICIENCY IN ADULTS Author: Jana Nováková Supervisor: PharmDr. Eva Zimčíková, PhD. INTRODUCTION Estimated vitamin D deficiency occurs in up to 1/3 of the population. Vitamin D deficiency occurs in a number of diseases and in different countries of the world. AIMS The aim of the theoretical part of the diploma thesis was to get acquainted with vitamin D and its deficit in general. The objective of the practical part was to map vitamin D levels in adults, to assess prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, to determine if vitamin D levels fluctuate over the course of the year depending on age or gender and how they are related to individual illnesses. METHODS PubMed and Embase database search was performed to find evidence on vitamin D deficiency in adults. Only studies in humans, published in English in the period from 2000 to 2016 were included. Non-systematic review was provided, the quality of the studies was not evaluated. RESULTS Overall, 84 studies were included. Most of the studies enrolled healthy adults (n = 34). Among the studies concerning various diseases, musculoskeletal disorders were the most prevalent (n = 13). The highest prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was seen in the study from USA (in healthy adults) using cut-off value for deficiency ≤ 50...
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Potassium deficiency in plants - signs and responses
Štočková, Hana ; Tylová, Edita (advisor) ; Konrádová, Hana (referee)
Plants receive K+ mainly from the soil through the root system. In soil, K+ occurs primarily in minerals such as mica and potassium feldspar. The availability of K+ for plant uptake depends on the form in which K+ occurs in soil. There are forms directly available, slowly available, and unavailable for plant and the transition of K+ between these pools may occur. In plant, K+ is very mobile and it occurs in high amount in cells. It is the most prominent cytoplasmic cation. It affects high number of metabolic processes, including photosynthesis, osmoregulation, and activation of enzymes. K+ shortage can cause changes in plant morphology, anatomy and metabolism. K+ deficiency can be manifested by leaf deformation, decreased leaf area, necrosis, short internodes, reduced rate of photosynthesis, etc. K+ deficient plant is also more vulnerable to pathogens and its resistance to abiotic stress factors such as drought, low temperatures, or salinity is decreased. Deficiency of K+ reduces the biomass and overall yield in agricultural crops, so K+ fertilizers, both soil and foliar, are needed. The thesis focuses on the manifestations of K+ deficiency in plants and summarizes the recent findings on mechanisms of K+ deficiency perception and signal pathways leading to the response to this deficiency. Key...
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