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Analysis of mortality from selected respiratory diseases in the Czech Republic in the 1994-2014 period
Vančurová, Mariana ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Burcin, Boris (referee)
The main objective of this thesis was to analyse the development of mortality from selected respiratory diseases in the Czech Republic in the 1994-2014 period. Selected respiratory diseases were defined due to common characteristics, risk factors and mutual effects on each other and they are lung cancer, pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The first part of the thesis contains the definition of studied diseases, their risk factors, incidences and general trends of mortality from selected causes of death. The second part is devoted to the development of mortality from selected respiratory diseases regarding sex, age and seasonal effect. The methods for calculating in the analytical part were standardized mortality rate, two-dimensional decomposition and decomposition of the time series. The results showed different development of mortality from selected diseases between men and women and age distribution in consequence of the mortality from selected respiratory diseases. In terms of seasonal mortality, there was an effect found on pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
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Analysis of time series of spa guests in the Czech Republic
Žák, Václav ; Matějka, Martin (advisor) ; Šimpach, Ondřej (referee)
The bachelor thesis is focused on analysis of quarterly time series of guests in spa resorts in Czech republic in the period from 2000 to 2016. The data were obtained from Czech statistical office. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the time series and to create predictions of possible future progress of time series. Deterministic and stochastic methods are used to analyse the time series. All models are created in the statistical environment R.
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Fertility development in selected European countries considering the timing effect from the second half of the 20th century to the present
Ženíšková, Aneta ; Kurtinová, Olga (advisor) ; Šťastná, Anna (referee)
Fertility development in selected European countries considering the timing effect from the second half of the 20th century to the present The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the influence of the timing effect on the mean age of mothers at childbirth in the context of fertility development in selected European countries from the second half of the 20th century to the present. Another objective is to adjust the total fertility rate to the timing effect and consequently demonstrated how changes in fertility timing affect this period measure in selected countries at a given time fame. The last objective is an evaluation of the views of respondents from studied countries from the sample survey of the European Social Survey for the years 2004 and 2010 to the questions relating to the reconciliation of work and family as one of the factors affecting the timing of fertility. On the basis of Esping-Andersen's typology of welfare states, following states are selected: Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and Ukraine. Changes of the mean age of mothers at childbirth are given not only by real changes in the timing of childbearing (the timing effect), but also by changes in the childbearing according to the birth order (the effect of fertility structure). The method of decomposition was used for...
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Structure and function of bacterial communities during succession on dead plant biomass
Tláskal, Vojtěch ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Marečková, Markéta (referee)
The decomposition of dead plant biomass substantially contributes to the carbon cycle and therefore is one of the key processes in temperate forests. While the role of fungi in litter and deadwood decomposition was repeatedly addressed, there are just a few surveys of bacteria associated with decomposing plant biomass. The development of bacterial community within leaf litter is likely driven by the changes in litter chemistry and by the availability of nutrients in the litter. Fungal activity greatly contributes to changing properties of substrate and thus influences bacterial community. Availability of nutrients is changing during biomass decomposition from easily accessible substrates toward more recalcitrant ones (e.g. lignin). The colonization of deadwood by bacteria is influenced by various factors such as microclimate conditions, tree species and volume. The aim of this thesis was to describe bacterial community dynamics during the first two years of decomposition of leaf litter and deadwood. In the leaf litter experiment, bacterial community was analysed in the live, senescent and decomposing leaves of Quercus petraea. This experiment was performed in the Xaverovsky Haj Natural Reserve, Czech Republic. Deadwood experiment was focused on the composition of bacterial community in the initial...
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Wood ants of genus Formica as important ecosystem engeneers
Jílková, Veronika ; Frouz, Jan (advisor) ; Tajovský, Karel (referee) ; Bonkowski, Michael (referee)
This thesis consists of one chapter accepted for publication in a book and four papers published in international journals with impact factors. All of the contributions deal with the role of wood ants in energy and nutrient fluxes in forest ecosystems. Wood ant nests are known as hot spots of carbon dioxide (CO2) production and are also thought to affect methane (CH4) flux. Stable high temperatures are maintained in ant nests even in cold environments. This study is focused on quantification of CO2 and CH4 flux in wood ant nests, contribution of ants and microbes to CO2 production, properties of nest material that affect CO2 production and the role of ants and microbes in the maintenance of nest temperature. The research was conducted in temperate and boreal forests inhabited by wood ants (Formica s. str.). Gas fluxes were measured either by an infrared gas analyser or a static chamber technique. Ants and nest materials were also incubated in a laboratory. Material properties potentially influencing CO2 flux, such as moisture, nutrient content or temperature were determined. According to the results, CH4 oxidation was lower in wood ant nests than in the surrounding forest soil suggesting that some characteristics of ant nests hinder CH4 oxidation or promote CH4 production. Wood ant nests clearly are hot...
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The development of the birth rate and preschool education in the Czech Republic after 1950
Křesťanová, Jana ; Rychtaříková, Jitka (advisor) ; Kocourková, Jiřina (referee)
The development of the birth rate and preschool education in the Czech Republic after 1950 Abstract The main aim of the thesis is to map in detail the development of preschool education and financial support for families with children in the Czech Republic in the context of the development of birth rate after 1950. The development of birth rate in the thesis is not only analyzed by using basic indicators, but also through deeper decomposition methods. It turns out, that quality and availability of all network preschool institutions in the context has a certain role in the birth rate. The reconciliation of work and family is very important for lots of parents and sufficient offer of preschool care can help it. However, the demand for preschool institutions exceeded supply, as was shown in accordance with obtained data. It was also found out by the insight into the outcomes of surveys that the vast majority of respondents do not think that a preschool child of working mother would be suffering. In the future, should not only expand the capacity of childcare facilities as well as other options for facilitation of reconciling work and family life, such as better offer of flexible working hours. Keywords: birth rate, decomposition, preschool facilities, financial support for families with children, surveys,...
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Comparison of mortality trends in Central Europe and Baltic countries from 1970 to the present
Horník, Vojtěch ; Hulíková Tesárková, Klára (advisor) ; Burcin, Boris (referee)
Comparison of mortality trends in Central Europe and Baltic countries from 1970 to the present Abstract The aim of this thesis is to assess the most important mortality trends development in countries of Central Europe and Baltic region between 1970 and 2009. The measures used involve life expectancy at birth and life expectancy at the age of 65; besides of this, the age-specific contributions to life expectancy changes are computed according to the method of R. Pressat. The convergence and divergence tendencies among the analyzed countries and between the two regions are evaluated in this thesis as well. Main findings are, on one hand, that mortality trends are relatively similar within each of the regions. When comparing regions between each other, however, significant differences, mostly in the period between mid-1980s and mid-1990s, arise, they are attributed mostly to the influence of mortality crisis in Baltic region after the Soviet Union dissolution. Even though after 1994 mortality development was favourable in Baltic countries, they did not reach mortality level of Central Europe until 2009. Keywords: mortality, Central Europe, Baltic countries, life expectancy, decomposition, convergence, divergence
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Vegetation of post-mining sites determines soil microbial community structure and soil processes
Urbanová, Michaela ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Bárta, Jiří (referee) ; Chroňáková, Alica (referee)
Vegetation of post-mining sites determines soil microbial community structure and soil processes Mgr. Michaela Urbanová Abstract The aim of this thesis, which consists of four published articles, was to investigate the effect of vegetation on soil microbial communities and processes in de novo developing soil substrate on the brown-coal spoil heaps in the surrounding of city Sokolov. Spoil material - soil clayey substrate, which had been gradually mined from the opencast brown coal mine, stratified onto spoil heaps and reclaimed by assisted afforestation with selected tree species or left for spontaneous plant succession, changes its biotic and abiotic characteristic in the course of time and particularly under the influence of plants. Changes of spoil substrate characteristics are related to the growth of plant roots and particularly also to the production of plant biomass, which is decomposed gradually and takes part of soil, where participates to soil organic matter. The process of plant dead materials decomposition and transformation is the function of the activity of soil organisms and among them notably soil microorganisms. Moreover, the presence of many of them is closely related to the presence of vegetation, whose symbionts or pathogens are. The exact mechanisms of the plant-microbes interactions...
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Combination of biochemical and high-throughput-sequencing approaches to study the role of Antinobacteria and fungi in the decomposition of plant biomass
Větrovský, Tomáš ; Baldrian, Petr (advisor) ; Slaninová Kyselková, Martina (referee) ; Tomšovský, Michal (referee)
Dead plant biomass is a key pool of carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Its decomposition in soil environments is thus an essential process of the carbon cycle. Fungi are considered to be the primary decomposers in soil ecosystems because of their physiological adaptations and enzymatic apparatus composed from highly effective oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. Many recent works show that in addition to fungi, bacteria may also play a significant role in lignocellulose decomposition and among bacteria, the members of the phylum Actinobacteria are often regarded to significantly contribute to cellulose and lignocellulose decomposition. This thesis is focused on the evaluation of the role that fungi and Actinobacteria play in dead plant biomass degradation. First, it explored mechanisms involved in degradation, in particular the enzymatic breakdown of major lignocellulose components as cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Enzymatic apparatus of the saprotrophic fungus Fomes fomentarius was explored both in vitro as well as in vivo. Several Actinobacteria were isolated from soil and comparative experiments, investigating production of hydrolytic enzymes, were carried out to track the transformation of polysaccharides and lignin by these strains. To explain the roles of lignocellulose decomposers in...
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Determination of selected elements in plant materials using atomic spectrometry
Rylova, Kristina ; Hraníček, Jakub (advisor) ; Rychlovský, Petr (referee)
The aim of this bachelor thesis was to determine the elements Se, Zn, Ca and Mg in plant samples using atomic absorption spectrometry with two different types of atomization. The both methods has been optimized for the determination of these elements. Optimization of a burner height which generally ranged between 6.0 and 7.0 cm and optimization of the flow rate of acetylene, air and nitrous oxide was needed for the method using flame atomization. It also has been set location of the hollow cathode lamp. Optimization of dilution of hydrochloric acid, the concentration of sodium borohydride and the flow rate of the sample was needed for the method of atomic absorption spectrometry with the chemical generation of volatile hydrides. Optimal conditions, which were found, were used for measurement method performance which are describe the method for the determination of individual elements. The limit of detection for selenium was 0,496 µg L-1, for zinc was 6,01 µg L-1, for calcium was 15,51 µg L-1 and for magnesium was 2,47 µg L-1. Optimal conditions were also used for determination of the elements in real samples which were prepared by decomposition of plant materials with nitric acid in a microwave oven. Samples were diluted to provide a measurable response and the auxiliary solution of potassium...
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