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Fish as indicator of aquatic ecosystem´s loading by pharmaceutical residues
Milatová, Martina ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
Nowadays, the importance of the issue of residues of pharmacs in the wastewaters and afterwards, surface waters, becomes more serious because of the fact, that the consumption of the pharmacs is instantly increasing within the human population. Therefore, it is important to monitor not only this pharmacs, respectively their residues in waters, but also their residues in aquatic organisms. This thesis is of theoretical character and deals with the possibility of using fish as bioindicators in the evaluation of pharmacs residues in aquatic ecosystems. The examples of farmacs present in the waters are given and the most common of them are described. The synthetic estrogens, whose effects on the aquatic organisms, respectively fish, are most detectable, were chosen as the most common group of pharmacs.
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Hair as a bioindicator of contamination of risk metals
Zmijová, Marie ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The use of hair as a bioindicator of environmental contamination by risk elements is becoming more and more common. This bachelor thesis deals with the use of this matrix for analysis using the voltammetric method. It focuses on the optimization of the method for determining the concentration of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in real hair samples and monitors the effects on the incorporation of these elements into the hair fiber. The presence of zinc and copper was confirmed in all samples analyzed. Cadmium could only be quantified in one sample. The effect of gender and age on the concentration of elements has not been demonstrated. Concentration of lead has been linked to smoking, with higher concentrations found in smoker’s hair than in non-smoker’s.
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Utilization of plant bioindicators in monitoring of environmental contamination
Koláček, Tomáš ; Vávrová, Milada (referee) ; Čáslavský, Josef (advisor)
Environmental contamination may be observed by different analytical tools as well as by various types of bioindicators providing relevant information about the effects of toxic substances and their mixtures towards organisms in situ. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive overview of plant bioindicators and biomonitors suitable for biomonitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in natural ecosystems. For groups of organic pollutants such as PCBs, PCDDs / Fs, PBDEs, PAHs, PFCs, and OCPs, review of literature is provided including knowledge about different species of coniferous trees, angiospermous plants (including crops), mosses and lichens that can be used for monitoring. In this work, analysis examples of samples of pine needles, bark, moss and lichen tissue are quoted as biomonitor tools. An overview of plants for phytotoxicity and genotoxicity observation using pollen grains abortivity and online bioindication as an example on non-specific biomonitoring is also provided.
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Selection of suitable bioindicators for the determination of xenobiotics residuals
Musil, Jan ; Vondráčková, Ilona (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
Bio-indicators are organisms, which we can use to evaluate contamination of terestrial and aquatic ecosystems by xenobiotics. This thesis deals above all with bio-indicators of vegetal and animal origin, which are capable to identify and quantify persistent organic pollutants and its residual contamination. This xenobiotics comes from human activities, most by consumer and automotive industry, inconsiderate agriculture. Thanks to its unpremeditated application and waste disposal, which are contaminated with them, ecosystems are infested and persistent organic pollutant‘s residuals are persisting for decades. By the help of bio-indicators we can find the source of contamination and size up its seriousness, we can observe its development and biological effect on organisms, which live in contaminated areas. In this thesis attention is given especially to polychlorinated bifenyls (PCB), polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), organochlorinated pesticides (OPC). polybrominated difenylethers (PBDE) and PCCDs/Fs, its influence on the health and its distribution in our surroundings, especially in waste dumps and forgotten pollutants sources.
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The Study of Distribution of Halogenated Diphenylethers to Parts of Environment
Hroch, Martin ; Hajšlová, Jana (referee) ; Kráčmar, Stanislav (referee) ; Šucman, Emanuel (referee) ; Vávrová, Milada (advisor)
In recent years considerable attention is paid to problems of brominated flame retardants (BFR's – Brominated Flame retardants), which are a diverse group of organic compounds. Even in the recent past have been the most often represented group particularly polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have found wide use in many industrial sectors. The reason of aplication of these substances is the ability to slow down the combustion process and reduce the risk of ignition by the excessive heating of material. On the other hand, serious concerns about the use of PBDEs was added. The most serious trouble is particular their possible to release from consumer products during their normal use, toxicity and high persistence in parts of environment. Some of these contaminants are more characterized by a high degree of accumulation in biological systems. In this work by several sub-studies the issue of assessment the level of pollution of the aquatic ecosystem of selected localities of the Czech Republic just PBDEs was addressed. One of objectives was monitored the situation of breeding ponds near the village Záhlinice in Central Moravia. Here was assessed level of contamination in fish and birds as two consecutive segments of food chain. The obtained results largely confirmed the assumption that with increasing trophic level of organisms leads to bioaccumulation and thus also higher findings. For comparison, the capture of fish and birds in other localities of the CR was also implemented. In Bartošovice and Hustopeče nad Becvou levels at the buzzard and heron were detected as comparable. The cormorants of the order higher levels of PBDEs were found. Further were also evaluated levels of PBDEs detected in individuals of bioindicator kind of chub caught in two locations on the river Svratka in spring and autumn. Findings of PBDE in muscle, skin and intestines were compared. The obtained results show that between tissues and sites wasn’t significant variability respectively and the findings of controlled substances are practically comparable. With aim to determine the dependence of the concentration of PBDEs in organisms on the length of the river was conducted monitoring of Vír and Brno water reservoirs. In both locations was main monitored kind of bream, which was completed by the other species. The results of the analysis indicate a higher total concentration at the lower part of river Svratka. Differences were also the distribution of individual congeners in both sampling locations. For monitoring of terrestrial system contamination levels of PBDEs has been selected several types of plant bioindicators. These are mainly pine needles (Scots pine, Eastern white pine, Silver fir, Blue spruce) collected from different localities of the Czech Republic. Other matrices were chosen roughages (Common wheat, Naked barley, Alfalfa wheat, Red clover) and oilseeds (Rapeseed) from the Novy Jicin, where Agriculture plant school of the University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno. Detected values of PBDE concentrations were very low, generally ranged at the detection limits of the analytical method.
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Bioindicators - their role in the evaluation of environment
Winklerová, Lucie ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
This thesis deals with the use of plant and animal bioindicators in an evaluation of the state of the environment. Bioindicators are divided in this work according to ecosystem for which they are used into bio indicators of terrestrial and of water ecosystem. Furthermore, they are divided according to groups of analytes, which are indicated by means of them. In the work the attention is paid to selected elements of risk, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. The presence of these xenobiotics in the environment is particularly influenced by human activities. First of all individual industrial and automobile transports are permanent sources of contamination of the ecosystem with these xenobiotics. Considerable influence on the ecosystem pollution with organic and inorganic contaminants had also an injudicious application of certain fertilizers in agricultural production. The importance of bioindication and bioindicators is big. They help us not only assess the presence of xenobiotic in the environment, the development of its occurrence and sources of pollution, but they are also necessary in the evaluation of its biological effect, and responses and mechanisms of the organism which are induced by it. Biomonitoring is now an essential part of environmental protection by reason of monitoring the presence and the transport of contaminants.
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Hair as a bioindicator of contamination of risk metals
Zmijová, Marie ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (advisor)
The use of hair as a bioindicator of environmental contamination by risk elements is becoming more and more common. This bachelor thesis deals with the use of this matrix for analysis using the voltammetric method. It focuses on the optimization of the method for determining the concentration of cadmium, copper, lead and zinc in real hair samples and monitors the effects on the incorporation of these elements into the hair fiber. The presence of zinc and copper was confirmed in all samples analyzed. Cadmium could only be quantified in one sample. The effect of gender and age on the concentration of elements has not been demonstrated. Concentration of lead has been linked to smoking, with higher concentrations found in smoker’s hair than in non-smoker’s.
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Transektový monitoring motýlů České republiky: Výsledky z prvních sedmi let
KOLLROSS, Jan
The thesis presents data from butterfly transects monitoring, carried out for 7 years on 36 transects established both within nature reserves and unprotected landscapes throughout the Czech Republic and walked three times a month between April and September. Only seven transects were monitored for the whole monitoring period. There were 192 771 individual butterfly records on 127 species of butterflies and burnet moths, i.e. 76.5% of the Czech fauna of the targeted groups). Data on their abundances are for the first time available for the Czech Republic. The distribution of individual species abundances approximated a lognormal model. The abundant species were generalists of non-wooded habitats, which prosper in the intensively managed landscapes of the Czech Republic. Trends of abundance, determined by the TRIM program, were estimable for 92 species. Over the monitored period, the relative abundance of nine species significantly decreased, while those of of seven species significantly increases. The remaining 76 did not display unequivocal trends, but still, 17 are likely increasing and 29 likely decreasing. Comparing the trends with the life history and bioclimatic traits of the butterflies showed that species whose abundance did not change possess traits typical for generalist butterflies (mobile species, overwintering in later life stages, longer flight period etc.), while decreases were more common among thermophilic species. Splitting the analyses for data originating from reserve vs. unprotected areas suggested that mesophilic species and species of more advanced successional stages prosper outside of reserves, whereas thermophilic species tend to decline there, and that an opposite pattern applies to reserves. I discuss recommendations for future of the monitoring Czech butterfly monitoring scheme.
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