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Effect of dysbiosis on proportion of particular neutrophil subsets and their functional capacities
Sklenářová, Lydie ; Hrdý, Jiří (advisor) ; Dobeš, Jan (referee)
The gut microbiota is crucial for maintaining physiological balance and influences metabolic processes, immune responses, and intestinal barrier function. Dysbiosis, or the imbalance of microbial composition, is associated with a range of health complications, including chronic inflammatory conditions such as non-specific intestinal inflammations. Inflammatory processes associated with dysbiosis and changes in microbial metabolites can directly affect the activation of neutrophils, impacting the pathogenesis of various diseases. Probiotics, defined as live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host, offer the potential for positive modulation of these inflammatory conditions The aim of this thesis was to explore how experimentally induced intestinal dysbiosis affects the heterogeneity of neutrophils in the bone marrow. Dysbiosis was induced by administering antibiotics to mice, which were subsequently treated with the probiotic strain Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31 (EcO83). Neutrophil phenotypes were assessed using flow cytometry based on the expression of surface markers CD11b, Ly6G, CD62L, and CXCR2. Meanwhile, gene expression related to their antimicrobial functions and the inflammatory environment was analyzed by quantitative PCR. The results...
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Light induced catalytic degradation of a series of common antibiotics and the corresponding HPLC analysis
Smítková, Karolína ; Klusoň, Petr (advisor) ; Krystyník, Pavel (referee)
1 Abstract The continuous advance in industry, general intensification of processes and urbanisation inevitably leads to production of new substances each year, collectively referred to as emerging pollutants (EPs). As the mass production of EPs increases, the demand for wastewater treatment plants also dramatically increases. The inadequacy of conventional tretament plants in removing EPs, such as pharmaceuticals, pesticides, personal care products, and others, results in the presence of these substances in surface and groundwater at significant concentrations. The often negative or unclear impact of EPs to the environment furhter emphasizes the urgency of this issue and requires a corresponding response. Photocatalysis belongs to the co-called advanced oxidation processes, key techniques for ensuring effective wastewater treatment. This thesis is focused on the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline, trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole, three common antibiotics frequently found in wastewater. Graphitic carbon nitride, a promising material in research of fotocatalytic degradation, was used as a photocatalyst and was activated by visible light emitted from a mercury xenon lamp. Experiments were conducted in batch setup and in microphotoreactor to compare the efficiency of both systems. Rhodamine B was...
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Analysis of antibiotic administration in open appendectomies in pediatric patients.
Šugrová, Kristína ; Rejmanová, Anna (advisor) ; Šorf, Aleš (referee)
Analysis of antibiotic administration in open appendectomies in pediatric patients Author: Kristína Šugrová Tutor: PharmDr. Anna Rejmanová, Ph.D. Consultant: PharmDr. Petra Rozsívalová Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction and aims: Appendicitis represents the most frequent indication to a surgical abdominal intervention in population of paediatric patients. In case of complications, such as abscess, periappendicular infiltrate or perforation with peritonitis, it can even lead to a life- threatening condition. The aim of this study was to analyse antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) in paediatric patients undergoing open appendectomy, as well as antibiotic treatment of complicated appendicitis. Another aim was to compare the administration of antibiotics (ATB) before and after the implementation of recommended hospital procedures (RHP). Subsequently, to monitor the incidence of complications and length of hospital stay and their association with ATB administration and other risk factors. Methods: An unicentric retrospective study was carried out. Patients aged ≤ 18 years who underwent an open appendectomy at the Department of Paediatric Surgery and Traumatology at the University Hospital in Hradec Králové between years 2014 and...
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Analysis of antibiotic administration in laparoscopic appendectomies in pediatric patients.
Opatovská, Tamara ; Rejmanová, Anna (advisor) ; Malá, Kateřina (referee)
Analysis of prescribing antibiotics for laparoscopic appendectomies in a paediatric patient population Author: Tamara Opatovská Supervisor: PharmDr. Anna Rejmanová, Ph.D. Consultant: PharmDr. Petr Domecký Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University Introduction and aims: Appendicitis is one of the most common acute diagnoses in paediatric population. Incorrect diagnosis, poorly performed antibiotic prophylaxis (AP) or treatment can lead to life-threatening complications such as perforation, peritonitis, periappendiceal infiltrate or abscess. The aim of this study was to analyse the administration of antibiotics (ATB) as a part of prophylaxis before appendectomy and as part of the therapy of complicated appendicitis in the paediatric population and to compare the obtained results. Specifically, 2 periods were compared - before and after the introduction of the recommended hospital procedure (RHP; 22. 06. 2017). The partial goal of the study was to identify factors that influenced the occurrence of complications and length of hospitalization in the monitored population. Methods: An unicentric retrospective study took place at the Clinic od paediatric surgery and traumatology at the University hospital Hradec Králové. Data were collected from...
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Bloodstream infection in patients during the COVID-19 pandemic in of General University Hospital in Prague
BAUER, Kristýna
Blood stream infection is one of the serious life-threatening conditions of hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Czech Republic. This is the penetration of microorganisms into the bloodstream, which is accompanied by symptoms of a general infection. The most common consequence is the development of sepsis. The aim of the laboratory examination is to obtain a reliable blood culture result. Such a result can only be achieved if all procedures are followed, from the indication by the doctor to the process of sampling by the medical staff into the bottles directly intended for this purpose. Taking blood cultures confirms or excludes the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream. Blood cultures are the gold standard for diagnosing bloodstream infections. A detection culture is used for hemocultivation of the BacT/Alert 3D system, which is based on the colorimetric detection of CO2 produced by growing microorganisms in blood cultures.
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Removal of antibiotics from wastewater by advanced oxidation technologies
Macsek, Tomáš ; Rusník,, Igor (referee) ; Bodík,, Igor (referee) ; Hlavínek, Petr (advisor)
Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of microorganisms and are widely used in modern medicine. High consumption of antibiotics correlates with their elevated occurence in sewage systems, from where they are further released into the environment. The threat of their occurrence in the environment is in triggering the formation and spread of antibiotic resistance. This thesis focuses on the removal of selected antibiotics and partly on the antibiotic resistance from wastewater by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). AOPs are based on the creation of highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, which are able to oxidize even highly persistent substances. The thesis focuses on the purification of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), which are identified as the main source of pharmaceutical pollution in the environment, by AOPs mainly based on ozonation. These processes were tested under laboratory conditions on model water as well as under real conditions as the tertiary stage of the treatment at Brno-Modřice WWTP under various operating states. As the results of the performed experiments show, it could be concluded that the studied AOPs are capable of effective degradation of studied antibiotics from the treated medium. Under real conditions, the antibiotics sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, azithromycin and clarithromycin were monitored. Output concentrations in each operational state were achieved to be below the limit of detection for all four antibiotics. The application of AOPs based on ozonation as the tertiary step of the treatment also had a positive effect on the reduction of microbial contamination and antibiotic resistance. Within the pilot plant experiments, a reduction of up to 4 orders of magnitude of E.coli, coliform microorganisms and a reduction of their resistant strains in the range of 1.4 - 4.0 logs were observed, compared to the effluent from the WWTP.
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Use of the QuEChERS method for the analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in soil
Brabcová, Kristýna ; Zlámalová Gargošová, Helena (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
The content of this master's thesis is an application of frequently used extraction method QuEChERS on soil or other samples like litter or manure containing fluoroquinolone antibiotics. In the theoretical part of this thesis are chapters describing drugs, antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Fluoroquinolones are described in more details with their properties, appearance and behaviour in the environment. The last chapter is focused on analytical methods. In the experimental part of this thesis is chosen in accordance with available publications the most suitable extraction method. This method is tested and optimized on soil samples. The optimized method is applied on the real soil and poultry litter samples to determine the amount of ciprofloxacine and enrofloxacine. This extraction method is used on other fluoroquinolone antibiotics (norfloxacine, ofloxacine, pefloxacine, moxifloxacine) in soil. All of the samples were analyzed by LC-MS.
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Role of extracellular DNA in microbial biofilms
Gromov, Anton ; Chytilová, Aneta (referee) ; Obruča, Stanislav (advisor)
Abstract This bachelor’s thesis deals with defining the role of extracellular DNA in microbial biofilms. The thesis includes a part about the basic characteristics and functions of biofilms, as well as the characteristics and functions of extracellular DNA. The theoretic part additionally deals with the process of formation of biofilms, and the influence of different types of stresses on it. Also, the paper discusses the role of such stresses. The role of biofilm in bacteria and their reproduction methods are also discussed. An interesting section of the thesis outlines the impact of antibiotics on biofilms, or the ways to gain DNA or use DNase. The eDNA functions and their effects on bacterial defence will be discussed thoroughly. In the experimental part, the biofilm content was examined and compared with cells growing in a liquid and solid medium. Measurement of DNA content in media was carried out and the effects of salt and temperature stresses on biofilm were also measured. Stress conditions affected the production of PHB, which is used as a reserve form of energy and carbon. Total sugars were measured using an anthracite reagent to study the effects of stresses on the content of macromolecules. The presence of eDNA in biofilms and planktonic cells was firstly checked using gel electrophoresis and then accurate concentrations in planktonic and biofilm cells were determined using different spectrophotometric methods.
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Analysis of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the soil
Vdolečková, Monika ; Řezáčová, Veronika (referee) ; Mravcová, Ludmila (advisor)
The thesis dealt with the global problem of the occurrence of pharmaceuticals in the environment, specifically fluoroquinol antibiotics (ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin), which are among other critically important antibiotics. These drugs enter the soil environment through the application of already contaminated animal waste (e.g. manure) or through wastewater used in irrigation or through the application of treated sewage sludge, which may contain drug residues. Increasing concentrations of these antimicrobial drugs in the environment provide an environment for the emergence and spread of microbial resistance. The accumulation of these drugs then leads to the emergence of resistance to these antibiotics. The experimental part of the thesis focused on the optimization of a method for the extraction and subsequent determination of fluoroquinolones in soil and litter. For this purpose, parameters related to the extraction yield of fluoroquinolones from the soil matrix were optimized, such as sample weighting, selection of a suitable extraction medium, SPE performance, elution method from the SPE, etc. Extraction recoveries of 70 to 140 % were achieved as part of the optimization. Finally, the optimised method for extraction of fluoroquinolones from poultry litter and soil samples provided by the ÚKZÚZ was used. The experimental results confirm the long-term persistence of these drugs in the environment.
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Study of selected antibiotics sorption on polyhydroxybutyrate
Amrichová, Anna ; Doležalová Weissmannová, Helena (referee) ; Řezáčová, Veronika (advisor)
The bachelor thesis deals with the issue of sorption of antibiotics on microplastics. Antibiotics and microplastics are now a highly studied topic, due to the positive and negative properties. Antibiotics with groups of sulfonamides and quinolones were selected for the experiment. From sulfonamides, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim were selected, and from the quinolones, enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, which have already been the impetus for some microplastic studies. Biodegradable polyhydroxybutyrate was used as the microplastic. Two experiments were performed in the laboratory. The first aimed to monitor the time dependence of antibiotic sorption on polyhydroxybutyrate, the second the concentration. The concentration dependence was subsequently evaluated using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms. The method of liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry was used for analyzes.
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